经济增长与环境污染——环境库兹涅茨曲线假说的中国检验

本文运用1996-2002年我国省际面板数据,对我国经济增长与包括水污染、大气污染与固体污染排放在内的6类环境污染指标之间的关系进行了实证检验.实证结果发现,环境库兹涅茨倒U型曲线关系很大程度上取决于污染指标以及估计方法的选取.就本文选取的部分污染指标(工业废水排放、二氧化硫排放)而言,也存在以相对低的人均收入水平越过环境倒U型曲线转折点的可能.并且,包括人口规模、技术进步、环保政策、贸易开放以及产业结构调整等在内的污染控制变量分别对环境库兹涅茨曲线关系起着重要影响.     

Emergy evaluation of the artificial forest ecosystems in the watershed of Miyun Reservoir：a case study for ecosystems valuation and environmental management

To build the artificial forest ecosystem is the major eco-economic development model in the watershed of Miyun Reservoir. It is very important to evaluate the benefits of those ecosystems. Emergy theories are very helpful for us to establish a science-based assessment framework. Emergy evaluation of the artificial forest ecosystems in the watershed of Miyun Reservoir is used to asses the relative values of several ecological functions （sometimes called ecosystem services） and main ecosystem storages （sometimes called natural capital）. The main driving energies, internal processes and storages are evaluated. The main functions, including transpiration, GPP and infiltration, are evaluated, which are 609em$/ha/yr, 6,245em$/ha/yr and 340em$/ha/yr respectively. The total values of major environmental services are 4,683em$/ha/yr in the artificial forest ecosystem. The main storages of natural capital including live biomass, soil moisture, organic matter, underground water and landform are estimated, which are 112,028em$/ha, 9em$/ha, 40,718em$/ha, 34em$/ha and 6,400,514em$/ha respectively. The largest value is landform, which accounts for 97.7% of these calculated total emdollar values. The concept of replacement value is explored using the emergy values of both ecosystem services and natural capital. The total calculated replacement values are 302,160em$/ha.     

The application of environmental economics in marine functional zoning and coastal city conceptual planning

There are a lot of functions of marine resources. The various and competing conflicts between different users and different sectors in the use of marine resources will cause the disorderly development of marine resources, and even destroy the marine ecosystem. Marine functional zoning is an effective tool to solve the conflicts. However, there are some shortcomings in the current understanding on marine functional zoning and its practice. In this paper, a case study on the resource-oriented marine functional zoning of Xiangshan Port is introduced. By the principles of resource-oriented and public participation, Xiangshan Port is divided into seven zones, and the main function of the whole port and seven zones are determined by the environmental economics analysis. A case study of Xiamen is also introduced for how to integrate marine functional zoning into a coastal city conceptual planning. Under the conservation principle, resources-oriented principle and so on, the advantages and disadvantages of natural ecosystem, social ecosystem and economic ecosystem are holistically analyzed, the urban orientation of Xiamen is determined as a regional international tourism city, and the whole city is divided into five function zones according to its leading industry -tourism. Resource-oriented marine functional zoning has a long-term guidance for sustainable use of marine resources and development strategy of a coastal city. And environmental economics analysis is an effective tool for resource-orientation.     

电力短缺、短期措施与长期战略

1 999年中国电力过剩 1 0 % ,而 2 0 0 4年估计将短缺 7%。电力规划应该根据GDP与电力需求间的长期关系制定 ,以避免大量过剩或短缺 ,并尽可能减少冲击。本文建议建立有效的电力短缺早期预警系统 ,制定全国的系统规划。规划要着眼于电力需求与GDP增长间的长期关系 ,并考虑“电力先行”的增长战略     

环境管制与全要素生产率增长:APEC的实证研究

本文运用Malmquist-Luenberger指数方法测度了APEC17个国家和地区1980—2004年包含CO2排放的全要素生产率增长及其成分。首先,估计了对CO2的排放没有管制、CO2排放水平保持不变、CO2排放水平减少三种情形下的生产率指数及其成分。其次,对影响环境管制下全要素生产率增长的因素进行了实证检验。本文主要的结论有:在平均意义上,考虑环境管制后,APEC的全要素生产率增长水平提高,技术进步是其增长的源泉;17个国家和地区中,有7个国家和地区至少移动生产可能性边界1次;人均GDP、工业化水平、技术无效率水平、劳均资本、人均能源使用量和开放度均对环境管制下的全要素生产率增长有显著的影响。     

A research of material input and environmental impact for Chinese economy： 1990-2005

The process of economic activities is on the basis of tremendous material inputs. China has been discharging an enormous amount of waste, giving rise to a wide range of environmental impacts. The method of economy-wide material flow analysis （EW-MFA） is one of the effective tools to examine the flow of materials entering physical economies, and recognize early environmental problems. Relevant researches are still at the early stage in China and most focus on material throughput but are rarely concerned about the utilization of recycling resource and environmental impact. Based on more than 3,000 items of data related, materials entering Chinese economy are classified into three types, and then the characteristics of material input and environmental impact are presented for the years 1990-2005 by using the indicators derived from EW-MFA. The Ratio of Recycled Material （RRM） is added as the new indicator in order to be in accordance with the need of circular economy being promoted in China. Results show that the great changes in the structure of material input cause the continuous increase of industrial solid waste emissions and the bogging down of material productivity. The RRM reveals that the utilization of recycling resources remains at a fairly low level in China. Finally, some weakness of EW-MFA is discussed according to the calculated results.     

黑龙江省经济增长与综合环境污染的关系研究

本文运用环境库兹涅茨综合评价理论,建立了黑龙江省综合环境污染与经济增长关系的评价模型,运用Grossman影响环境因素的机理分析模型,从规模效应、结构效应和技术进步效应对2006年以后黑龙江省环境污染加剧原因进行了分析。研究发现,2006年后黑龙江省在经济规模扩张的同时,其产业结构仍以重工业为主,这加剧了工业废物的排放,从而导致整体环境污染的恶化,且技术进步对环境质量的改善有正负效应两面性。     

城市灰尘污染及治理

城市灰尘(City dust)是指粒径小于20目(0.920毫米)、分散于城市不同区域的表面固体颗粒物,由街道灰尘、区域灰尘、大气灰尘组成.城市灰尘环境污染类型可分为城市灰尘动力污染、城市灰尘地理污染、城市灰尘物质污染、城市灰尘循环污染、城市灰尘人体污染等.通过建立城市灰尘防护林带、城市灰尘阻滞植被带、城市灰尘吸附绿化区等;对城郊土壤污染、城市地下水污染等进行大面积转基因植物修复、地球化学工程治理等,城市灰尘环境污染是可以预防、可以改善可以治理的.     

Re-exploring the relationship between flexibility and the external environment

The organizational structure literature has long posited that increases in uncertainty should lead to organic (adaptable) structures [T. Burnes, G.M. Stalker, The Management of Innovation, Tavistock Publications, London, 1961]. Similarly, the operations management literature has focused on the importance of flexibility as a competitive weapon [e.g., [De Meyer et al., 1989] Strategic Manage. J. 10 (1989) 135], and as a response to environmental uncertainty [Manage. Sci. 33 (1987) 509; Manage. Sci. 39 (1993) 395]. However, our recent attempts to empirically validate a relationship between environmental uncertainty and operational flexibility in manufacturing plants have failed to show a significant relationship [J. Operations Manage. 3 (1999) 307]. The present research attempts to rectify these contradictory findings by replicating and extending the works of [Manage. Sci. 33 (1987) 509] as well as [J. Operations Manage. 3 (1999) 307]. The results find no support for the proposition that firms that respond to increased uncertainty with increased flexibility will experience increased performance.     

环境公民社会视角下的中国现代环境治理系统研究

现代的环境治理是以公民的参与为重要特征的.论文从环境公民社会的视角出发,明确了现代环境治理的主体,并据此提出了现代环境治理的系统构成.公民对环境治理的参与主要体现为个人和NGO组织两种形式,论文指出了它们各自对环境治理的不同作用机制及其作用手段,由此,提出了企业信息公开、社区参与以及科学商店等可以有效促进环境公民社会对环境治理作用效果的建议.