中国式“荷兰病”与中国城乡就业研究

文章从来源于入世后外向型劳动力密集型产业繁荣的中国式"荷兰病"理论出发,对中国式"荷兰病"通过"支出效应"、"资源转移效应"和"人民币汇率效应"等渠道影响中国城乡就业的情况进行了实证研究。在"中国式荷兰病"的影响下,我国就业城镇化趋势明显,传统就业主渠道丧失,特别是就业增长越来越严重地依赖于外向型劳动力密集型产业的持续繁荣以及大规模从事加工贸易的东部沿海地区。文章建议规范和鼓励城镇服务业发展、支持企业产品与产业结构调整、扩大人民币汇率浮动区间以及加大中央政府财政反哺农业和中西部地区等措施来确保中国经济与城乡就业的可持续发展。     

数字经济、服务业效率提升与中国经济高质量发展

服务经济时代,传统服务业的高成本低效率,拉低了整体经济的发展速度,如何克服服务业低效率问题,需要进行深入分析。文章探讨了“鲍莫尔成本病”现象下,数字经济对城市经济高质量发展的影响及服务业效率在其中的关键作用。理论上,数字经济通过提升服务业效率为经济高质量发展赋能,通过构建一个两部门增长模型,提出数字拓展型技术可以推动服务业效率提升,且当服务业生产率达到和制造业同一水平时,经济可以稳定持续增长。实证上,文章测度了2011—2019年中国266个地级市的数字经济和高质量发展水平,在此基础上展开计量分析。结果表明：数字经济显著促进了城市经济高质量发展,数字经济通过改变传统生产方式、加速经济动态循环、知识溢出效应等路径促进服务业效率提升,从而成为新时代下推动中国经济高质量发展的重要动力。在异质性方面,数字经济对东部地区城市的影响显著大于中西部城市;数字经济对大城市的影响显著大于小城市。产业结构高级化自身不利于高质量发展,但数字经济发展推动下的产业结构高级化有利于高质量发展,数字经济可有效克服结构转型过程中服务业低效率问题。以上结论在系统GMM方法和“宽带中国”外生冲击检验下依然成立。文章研究有...     

An airport operations proposal for a pandemic-free air travel

The aviation industry needs to work on the resilience of air travel against health threats and regain passenger trust. This paper proposes a pandemic-free travel concept based on creating an infectious diseases free zone in the airport terminal building through screening of passengers, crews and airport workers. This research shows that infectious disease detection methods applicable at the airport could be available in a short timeframe, at affordable cost and in scale. The potential location of passenger health screening, facilitation requirements, health responsibilities delegation and appropriate usage of industry standards for regulations are key elements to a potential implementation that would be phased and long term.     

Workers' remittances and Dutch Disease in Bangladesh

Workers' remittance is one of the major sources of foreign exchange earnings for Bangladesh in recent years. It accounted for 12% of GDP in 2009 and has colossal socio-economic implications for the country. However, the inflows of foreign exchange earnings can exert adverse effects on the international competitiveness of an economy as postulated by the Dutch Disease theory. Using Johansen Cointegration and Vector Error Correction Model and annual data from 1971 to 2008, this paper investigates the effects of remittances on the external trade competitiveness as measured by the movements of real exchange rate of the country. The results of the study suggest that the influx of workers' remittances significantly appreciates the real exchange rate and deteriorates the external trade competitiveness of Bangladesh. While increased terms of trade indicates similar adverse effects, openness in goods and capital markets and nominal devaluation improve the trade competitiveness of the country. Therefore, greater trade openness and channelling remittances to the priority investment projects can be powerful policy devices to improve the external competitiveness and avert ‘Dutch Disease' in Bangladesh.     

Cost-effectiveness of glatiramer acetate and interferon beta-1a for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis,based on the CombiRx study

Background:

To assess the cost-effectiveness of the Disease Modifying Treatments (DMT), Glatiramer Acetate (GA) and Interferon beta-1a (IFN) in monotherapy alone and in combination for the prevention of relapses among Spanish patients aged between 18–60 years old with established Relapsing–Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS).

Methods:

A Markov model was developed to represent the transition of a cohort of patients over a 10 year period using the perspective of the Spanish National Health Service (NHS). The model considered five different health states with 1-year cycles including without relapse, patients with suspect, non-protocol defined and protocol defined exacerbations, as well as a category information lost. Efficacy data was obtained from the 3-year CombiRx Study. Costs were reported in 2013 Euros and a 3% discount rate was applied for health and benefits. Deterministic results were presented as the annual treatment cost for the number of relapses. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed to test the robustness of the model.

Results:

Deterministic results showed that the expected annual cost per patient was lower when treated with GA (€13,843) compared with IFN (€15,589) and the combined treatment with IFN?+?GA (€21,539). The annual number of relapses were lower in the GA cohort with 3.81 vs 4.18 in the IFN cohort and 4.08 in the cohort treated with IFN?+?GA. Results from probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that GA has a higher probability of being cost-effective than treatment with IFN or IFN?+?GA for threshold values from €28,000 onwards, independent of the maximum that the Spanish NHS is willing to pay for avoiding relapses.

Conclusion:

GA was shown to be a cost-effective treatment option for the prevention of relapses in Spanish patients diagnosed with RRMS. When GA in monotherapy is compared with INF in monotherapy and IFN?+?GA combined, it may be concluded that the first is the dominant strategy.     

A Kaleckian model for understanding and responding to the economic policy challenges of remittances

In this work we construct a Kaleckian model for analyzing the impacts of remittances upon economies of receiving countries. The arrival of remittances has two harmful effects: contraction of income, and the so-called Dutch Disease (DD). We use our model to formulate an economic policy with two objective variables and two instrumental variables, to solve or attenuate these problems.     

Understanding the economic,daily functioning,and diabetes management burden of non-severe nocturnal hypoglycemic events in Canada: differences between type 1 and type 2

Objective:

To examine the daily functioning, diabetes management, and economic burden of non-severe nocturnal hypoglycemic events (NSNHEs) in Canada and differences in impacts by diabetes type.

Research design and methods:

A 20-min web-based survey, with items derived from the literature, expert and patient interviews, assessing the impact of NSNHEs, was administered to patients with self-reported diabetes aged ≥18 having an NSNHE in the past month.

Results:

Two thousand, two hundred and seventy-nine Canadian persons with diabetes were screened with 200 respondents meeting criteria and included in the analysis sample. Out of 87 working respondents, 15 reported on average 3.5?h of lost work (absenteeism). The reduction in work productivity (presenteeism) reported was comparable to the impact of arthritis. Other functional impacts included sleep and daily activities. Additionally, respondents’ increased their usual blood sugar monitoring practice, on average, 4.2 (SD?=?7.5) extra tests were conducted in the week following the event and reduced their insulin over the following 4.8 days. Increased healthcare utilization was also reported. Increased costs as a result of NSNHE for lost work productivity, increased diabetes management, and resource utilization was CAD 70.67 per person per year in this sample. Limitations of the study include the biases which are associated with a web-based survey and self-reported data.

Conclusions:

NSNHEs have serious consequences for patients and diabetes management practices. Greater attention to treatments which reduce NSNHEs can have a major impact on improving functioning while reducing the economic burden of diabetes.     

2002-2012年世界卫生组织发布的疫情信息分析

[目的]了解历年来全球疫情信息,为制定口岸防控策略提供依据。[方法]对2002-2012年世界卫生组织所公布的疫情信息进行收集、整理和分析。[结果]所报道的传染病共涉及45个病种,分布在6大洲,203个国家和地区;呼吸道传染病的信息条数最多,消化道传染病病例数最多,出血热类传染病病死率最高;消化道传染病、虫媒传染病、其他传染病和未确诊疾病均在非洲最多。[结论]世界卫生组织网站公布的疫情信息对于传染病预警有重要意义;针对非洲等地区的重点航班、重点航线加强检疫非常必要;呼吸道传染病是国境卫生检疫防控的重点疾病;对入境人员中有消化道症状的人员仍应开展经典的消化道传染病筛查,对病毒性出血热类疾病也应提高警惕。     

Irritable bowel syndrome with constipation: a European-focused systematic literature review of disease burden

Abstract

Objective:

To conduct a systematic literature review to assess burden of disease and unmet medical needs in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with constipation (IBS-C), with a focus on five European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK).

Methods:

MEDLINE, EMBASE, and grey literature searches were carried out using terms for IBS and constipation, to identify studies reporting epidemiological, clinical, humanistic, or economic outcomes for IBS-C, published between 2000 and 2010.

Results:

Searches identified 885 unique abstracts and 33 supplementary articles, of which 100 publications and six grey literature sources met the inclusion criteria. Among patients with IBS, the prevalence estimates of IBS-C ranged from 1 to 44%. Co-morbid conditions, such as personality traits, psychological distress, and stress, were common. Patients with IBS-C had lower health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) compared with the general population, and clinical trials suggested that effectively treating IBS-C improves HRQoL. The European societal cost of IBS-C is largely unknown, as no IBS-C-specific European cost-of-illness studies were identified. Two cost analyses demonstrated the substantial societal impact of IBS-C, including reduced productivity at work and work absenteeism. Guidelines offered similar recommendations for the diagnosis and management of IBS; however, recommendations specifically for IBS-C varied by country. Current IBS-C treatment options have limited efficacy and the risk:benefit profile of early 5-HT₄ agonists restricts clinical use.

Conclusions:

This systematic review indicates a clear need for European-focused IBS-C burden-of-disease and cost-of-illness studies to address identified evidence gaps. There is a need for new therapies for IBS-C that are effective, well tolerated, and have a positive impact on HRQoL.