Changing underwriting practices on underpricing of U.S. global initial public offerings

We examine the underpricing of U.S. firms that went public globally (Global IPOs) between 1986 and 2003. Our results suggest that, when compared to their peers that went public at home, U.S. issuers did not enjoy an advantage in issue costs from their global offerings. Their offers experienced substantial increases in underpricing, which exceeded that of their peers since the late nineties. We observe that the increased underpricing was accompanied by an overwhelming proportion of Global IPOs being underwritten by prestigious underwriters and backed by venture capitalists. In addition, Global IPOs accounted for an increasing percentage of total issues of U.S. firms in the late nineties. Further findings suggest that Global IPOs may be motivated by expanding investor demand under favorable overseas market conditions and increasing visibility through global placement.     

国际金融危机与中国加工贸易转型升级分析——基于全球生产网络视角

本文利用全球价值链升级理论,在系统界定加工贸易转型升级内涵的基础上,依据统计资料和问卷调查结果,对国际金融危机前中国加工贸易转型升级的状况和国际金融危机后面临的挑战进行了分析。结果表明,中国加工贸易已经形成了比较好的升级态势,但总体来说还处于"微笑贫困陷阱"境况。国际金融危机的冲击以及本土加工企业自主研发和技术吸收能力较低等实际情况,使我国加工贸易进一步升级面临着严峻挑战。本文从宏观、中观的角度探讨了加工贸易转型升级所需的国家、区域以及产业环境的培育措施,同时从加工贸易企业的微观竞争优势培育角度提出了对策。     

Cross-Country Differences in Entrepreneurial Activity: The Role of Cultural Practice and National Wealth

In this paper, we argue that national culture is important in interpreting the differences of entrepreneurial activities between countries. Furthermore, national wealth plays a moderating role between national culture and entrepreneurial activities. Datasets from the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) project and Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) study were analyzed. We find that there are interaction effects between GDP, a proxy for national wealth, and several cultural dimensions on entrepreneurial activities. More traditional cultural variables (in-group collectivism, humane orientation, and power distance) enhance early-stage and established entrepreneurship in low- and medium-GDP countries, but hinder early-stage and established entrepreneurship in high-GDP countries. More modernistic cultural variables (performance orientation, future orientation, and uncertainty avoidance) promote high-growth and high-innovation entrepreneurship in some situations, especially in high-GDP countries. Implications and limitations are discussed.     

未来企业变革趋势对中国企业的启示

面对世界企业变革的大趋势,中国企业应采取的对策是：树立全球意识,拓展海外市场;实施品牌战略,提升企业的核心竞争力;重视人才的培养和学习型组织的建立;实现企业经营管理的信息化;加大企业技术创新的力度。     

全球生产网络下产业发展中的政府角色——新加坡信息产业发展经验及对中国的借鉴

全球生产网络的存在使产业发展跨越国界,它以跨国公司为主体,给参与国家的工业化发展带来机遇。摆在当前各国政府面前的问题是,是利用市场力量推动全球网络下产业的发展,还是积极发挥政府在产业中的促进作用？文章回顾了有关政府介入经济发展的理论,并以新加坡信息产业为例,说明了发展中国家政府应在产业发展中起主导作用;在此基础上分析了对中国政府以及中国信息产业发展的借鉴。     

Venture capital financing during crises: A bibliometric review

We present the publication trends in the literature on venture capital financing during crises and highlight the top publishing source with the most contributing authors in their affiliated countries using bibliometric and content analysis of 115 documents retrieved from the Scopus database. This study provides insight into the theme with the help of co-occurrence, co-citation, and bibliographic coupling analysis. The authors’ keyword co-occurrence analysis shows the spatial links among the articles based on venture capital during the financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic. The top productive and influential source is the journal Venture Capital, followed by Small Business Economics and the Journal of Business Venturing. The Journal of Business Venturing is the top journal in terms of citations per document. The United States is the most contributing affiliated country having strong links with several nations. The publications on crisis-led venture capital increased significantly after the financial crisis of 2008.     

Can cryptocurrencies provide a viable hedging mechanism for benchmark index investors?

This paper investigates the non-linear causal nexus at lower, medium, and upper quantiles that cryptocurrencies can generate as a hedging mechanism for international benchmark indices, as represented by the MSCI World index and its sectoral sub-indices. Significant causality-in-mean between each of the assets examined is detected at lower quantiles only in a small number of sectors, whereas all analysed assets are found to trigger important non-linear causal impacts on the volatility of the selected benchmark indices, particularly during periods denoted to possess significant asset price fluctuations. From a financial perspective, this result suggests that cryptocurrencies are developing to possess a very similar ability to that of long-standing traditional financial assets, serving as a hedging mechanism against extreme fluctuations within investor portfolios that include MSCI constituents during a variety of very different market conditions.     

How much of the world economy is state-owned? Analysis based on the 2005–20 Fortune Global 500 lists

This paper analyzes the share of state-owned enterprises on the Fortune Global 500 lists from 2005 to 2020. The purpose is to answer two research questions—what is the share of SOEs among the world's largest companies, and is this share increasing over the years? Regarding studies of large sets of companies, the novelty of this article is the method in which SOEs were identified—based on the criterion of actual corporate control of the state and not the threshold of state ownership. The results show that the share of SOEs in the group of the world's largest companies is higher than indicated in previous similar studies, and this value has increased significantly over the last 15 years. In 2005, there were 64 SOEs on the list; in 2020, there were 141 (with the highest number—142—in 2015). In this period, the share of SOEs in revenues doubled (to almost 30%), in assets more than tripled and the total number of employees from SOEs from the list more than doubled. However, these increases were almost solely due to the growth of the Chinese economy, which resulted in more Chinese SOEs being included on the list.     

中国嵌入全球价值链对绿色技术创新的影响

在对全球价值链嵌入影响绿色技术创新特质、机理、异质性、滞后性与动态效应进行理论分析的基础上,运用2008-2018年中国内地25个省份面板数据,测度中国各省份全球价值链嵌入对绿色技术创新的影响。结果发现：(1)从全国层面看,绿色技术创新是一个动态演化、循序渐进的过程,嵌入全球价值链对绿色技术创新具有显著促进作用,但这种影响存在逐渐减弱的滞后性;(2)从时间层面看,嵌入全球价值链对绿色技术创新的影响具有显著时间差异性,伴随着中国自主创新水平提升和环境规制力度加大,以及发达国家逆全球化趋势盛行,近年来嵌入全球价值链对绿色技术创新的影响日渐减弱;(3)从地区层面看,嵌入全球价值链对绿色技术创新的影响具有显著地区差异性,中西部地区嵌入全球价值链对绿色技术创新的影响比东部地区更明显。据此,提出进一步优化全球价值链嵌入度、扩大全球价值链溢出效应、缩小不同地区间技术差距等政策建议。     

Ambidexterity in MNC knowledge sourcing in emerging economies: A microfoundational perspective

Innovation performance of multinational corporations (MNCs) derives from access to and utilization of a combination of explorative and exploitative knowledge across heterogeneous settings. These settings increasingly encompass flagship industries in emerging economies. There is limited research, however, that scrutinizes the processes of knowledge sourcing within such dynamic host environments, taking into account MNCs’ differing location capabilities. We draw on the concept of ambidexterity – the combination of exploration and exploitation – and the microfoundations approach to study eleven MNCs in the Bulgarian software development industry by focusing on their local R&D projects. We extend the explanatory capacity of ambidexterity at the micro level and clarify the relationship between exploration and exploitation by identifying four types of ambidexterity: global knowledge differentiator, global-local knowledge integrator, emerging local-global integrator, and local knowledge integrator. Our typology is underpinned by three specific dimensions of R&D capabilities: technical know-how, scope of expertise, and market potential.