税收优惠促进了企业环保投资吗？——基于中国私营企业调查数据的经验证据

基于2006—2016年6轮中国私营企业调查数据,运用双重差分法检验了所得税优惠政策调整对企业环保投资的影响。研究发现：所得税优惠政策调整显著促进了企业环保投资额增加,这一结果在进行识别条件检验,并进行安慰剂检验、预期效应检验、排除其他政策干扰和纠正样本选择偏倚后依然稳健。机制检验表明,所得税优惠政策调整通过减轻税负和缓解企业融资约束,进而激励企业增加环保投资。进一步的异质性分析表明,所得税优惠政策调整对小规模、得到信贷支持和存在政治关联的企业环保投资产生了更大的促进效应,但没有增加中部地区企业的环保投资。研究结论对通过产业政策与市场机制协同激励企业绿色发展有经验参考。     

Minimum payments and induced effort in moral hazard problems

Consider a moral hazard problem in which there is a constraint to pay the agent no less than some amount m. This paper studies the effect of changes in m on the effort that the principal chooses to induce from the agent. We present sufficient conditions on the informativeness of the signal observed by the principal and on the agentʼs utility under which when m increases, induced effort (and hence productivity) falls. We also study how the cost minimizing contract for any given effort level varies in m. We present an efficient algorithm for numerically calculating optimal contracts for given parameters and show that induced effort falls when m is increased in many cases even when our sufficient conditions fail.     

Liberalization,bankers’ motivation and productivity: A simple model with an application

Proponents of financial liberalization argue that deregulation motivates bankers to increase their effort and operate at a higher level of efficiency and productivity. Sceptics, however, see that liberalization engenders economic instability and banking crises, and impedes growth. Bank efficiency and productivity, following liberalization, is extensively examined. Nonetheless, the core issue of bankers’ self-motivation remains implicitly assumed and unaddressed. Does liberalization self-motivate bankers and increase their efforts and productivity? This paper models bank productivity from this perspective and evaluates what proportion of banks’ total factor productivity is accounted for by the self-motivated productivity of bankers. We provide a micro-founded framework for the analyses of bankers’ optimal level of effort and effort-driven productivity. Our model also captures banks’ unit input-output prices, optimal wages, bank spread and the overall cost of bank services – measures that are important in evaluating reform policies. We assess the financial liberalization of Nepal as a test case and find that (i) bankers’ efforts and productivity have notably improved in Nepal, although banking services have become costly, and (ii) bank spread has moderately declined in recent years. Our approach is parametric which differs from DEA, hence complements the literature. We hope this analytical framework will be useful to evaluate reform episodes elsewhere.     

晋升激励、产业同构与地方保护：一个基于政治控制权收益的解释

本文在一个基于政治控制权收益为目标的晋升激励框架下。利用一个模仿博弈模型，对长期存在于我国经济发展中的产业同构及其引发的地方保护与市场分割现象给予一个完整解释。研究表明：在以政治控制权收益为目标的晋升激励体制下，出于对政治控制权收益中相对位置的考虑．在信息约束与风险规避条件下．地方政府官员将采取模仿经济发展战略上的方式最大化自身利益。而这种经济模仿发展战略必然导致产业同构的形成。这进一步引发地区企业在产品市场和原料市场的互相争夺．地方保护主义与人为的市场分割也就成为不可避免的现象。在随后的经验验证中。历史资料支持了上述逻辑。最后，本文指出：由于政府组织中对相对绩效的激励需要与政府主导型经济中道德风险的两难冲突，从短期看。完善政府绩效评价体系将有利于缓解这一冲突，但长期来看．产权改革和市场环境的维护才是出路所在。     

Does food retail access moderate the impact of fruit and vegetable incentives for SNAP participants? Evidence from western Massachusetts

ObjectivesThis study investigates whether the response of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participants to a 30% incentive on fruit and vegetable spending varies with their access to food retailers.MethodsThe analysis exploits the random assignment of SNAP households in Hampden County, MA, to an intervention group that earned the incentive. Regression models for the impact of the incentive are augmented with measures of food retail access and interactions of random assignment status with food retail access. The main outcome—use of the SNAP benefit—is based on Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) card transaction records.ResultsAlthough households that lived within a mile of a participating supermarket spent approximately $2.13 or 19% more per month on targeted fruits and vegetables at participating supermarkets than households that did not live within a mile of a participating supermarket, we found no evidence that the impact of the incentive on SNAP fruit and vegetable spending varies with distance to retailers.ConclusionsThese findings imply that incentives to purchase fruits and vegetables were equally efficacious for SNAP households with high and low access to food retailers.     

论赫茨伯格双因素理论中激励因素在高校舞龙运动队建设中的应用

激励有激发和鼓励的意思,是指激发人的行为的心理过程,用各种有效的方法去调动个体的积极性和创造性,使个体努力去完成组织的任务,实现组织的目标①.有效的激励会点燃个体的激情,促使个体的行为动机更加强烈,让其产生超越自我和他人的欲望,并将潜在的巨大的内驱力释放出来,为组织的远景目标奉献自己的热情.舞龙运动本身的特殊性对运动员在大局意识、协作精神、团队凝聚力和服务精神要求极强.因此,本文通过舞龙运动的实践调查,提出激励因素在舞龙运动中对运动员激励的方向和意义.     

Constructive Pressures And Incentives To Reform: Globalization and its impact on public sector performance and governance in developing countries

Contrary to widespread pessimism regarding the effects of globalization on nation states and the quality of governance in developing countries, this contribution stresses that several of its features can be made instrumental, and be beneficial, in terms of public policy making and state capability. Four ‘constructive pressures’ stemming from globalization could be seized constructively by citizens and governments in the developing world: First, better informed and better connected citizens, and an emerging global civil society, demand improvements in service delivery, transparency, and participation. Second, subnational governments, often backed by local NGOs and businesses, and keen to attract foreign investment, increasingly exert pressure vis-à-vis central governments. Third, global investment strategies by private businesses increase the demand for appropriate institutional arrangements within developing countries as well as credible government policies. Although with mixed results, forth, International Organizations, in particular IFIs, have been addressing public sector modernization in developing countries, also sponsoring global public policy networks in critical areas. Moreover, policy coordination and cooperation among states increases significantly, constraining arbitrary action by governments. Globalization, thus, advances the discussion about, and the demand for, new institutional arrangements, clearly with new opportunities for improvements in state capability and governance.     

Entry encouragement

In this paper, we investigate the possibility that a dominant firm will encourage rather than deter entry of a potential competitor. We find that entry can be encouraged by a dominant firm in order to induce a new entrant to resolve the demand uncertainty in a new market. We propose a specific incentive mechanism that the incumbent can use to encourage entry and find plausible circumstances under which entry encouragement is a dominant competitive strategy.INSEADInstituto de Analisis EconomicoINSEAD     

Cost-effective design of agri-environmental payment programs: U.S. experience in theory and practice

Key features of U.S. agri-environmental programs are reviewed and analyzed using literature review and program data. We focus, in particular, on several key questions: Has benefit-cost targeting increased the environmental benefit obtained from program budgets? Has competitive bidding reduced program costs? To what extent have these program designs resulted in additional gain (that would not have otherwise been obtained)? Previous research illustrates how benefit-cost targeting using environmental indices (such as the Environmental Benefits Index in the Conservation Reserve Program) can increase environmental cost-effectiveness. Previous research and data from two U.S. programs suggests that bidding has reduced costs, but that the full potential of bidding may not have been realized. Finally, most U.S. programs are intended to yield environmental gains that would not have otherwise been obtained, but sometimes fall short of this goal.     

基于收益共享和成本共担的供应链双向激励协调

在供应商和销售商组成的二级供应链中,供应商隐藏关于生产成本的私人信息,销售商隐藏关于销售努力的行动,且双方地位相当,此时协调主体不明确。为了解决该问题,文章引入虚拟第三方为利他的委托人,站在供应链整体利润最大化的角度,设计基于收益共享和成本共担的协调契约,对供应商和销售商实施双向激励。研究结果表明:当收益共享比例和成本共担比例满足一定条件时,供应链实现了协调。此时,该契约调动了供应商降低生产成本、销售商提高努力水平的积极性,合作双方达到了"双赢"。笔者通过数值实验对结果进行了验证,表明了结果的有效性。