INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LITIGATION ACTIVITY IN THE USA

Abstract.  Brand names or trademarks carry incredible economic power and prestige. There is increasing recognition by world bodies that intellectual property (IP), whether manifested in patents, trademarks, copyrights or trade secrets, is highly valuable and must be protected through robust IP enforcement. The USA is an interesting natural laboratory as patent, trademark and copyright litigation battles have been raging domestically for some time. The paper discusses the four main forms of IP assets, the legal remedies that are available to enforce the property rights inherent in each type of IP asset, the basic damages theory relating to each form of IP, and how damages may be calculated when each type of asset is presumed to be infringed. The increased recognition of the value of IP has led to stronger enforcement of IP protection, an increase in IP litigation, and growing policy actions that are focused on how that protection should be manifested. An empirical analysis of how the IP litigation activity in the USA has changed over time is also presented.     

再论按劳分配与按要素分配相结合的理论依据——兼论经营劳动和科学劳动

在产学研结合过程中通常会出现不同形式的争议不仅会影响产学研结合中主体各方的利益 ,而且会给产学研结合造成冲击 ,甚至会对科技进步和成果转化形成阻碍。为预防出现上述争议 ,产学研结合的主体各方特别是知识产权的创造方 ,应增强知识产权保护的意识和能力 ,尊重和维护主体     

森林资源产权市场制约因素及对策分析——基于供求视角

目前森林资源产权市场仍处于起步阶段,存在着众多制约市场供求双方的因素。制约需求的因素包括森林资源产权制度不完善、森林资源风险防范机制不健全、林业融资难、林业比较利益低;制约供给的因素包括政策法规不完善、信息不完备、交易成本高、非农就业机会少、社会保障制度不健全等;通过市场中介间接影响供求的因素包括市场中介组织缺乏等。本研究给出了强化森林资源产权市场机制的对策建议。     

住宅小区周边的电磁辐射污染维权研究

近年来,随着电磁污染在城市中日趋严重,由此引发的信访、投诉、诉讼也呈逐年增加的趋势。但是因为电磁污染本身存在特殊性,给立法带来诸多困难。由于缺乏足够的法律规范和控制标准,令公众维权难上加难。因此,建立和完善电磁辐射污染防治的相关法律制度成为目前亟待解决的问题。     

电子商务消费者权益保护问题研究

伴随着互联网的迅猛发展,电子商务也日益流行起来。作为一种新型的交易模式,电子商务确实给广大消费者带来了莫大的便利,但与此同时,其自身的虚拟性和开放性等特点也给消费者权益保护带来了诸多问题。本文首先对电子商务的概念及特点进行了阐述,进而指出了我国消费者在电子商务消费中存在的一系列的问题,最后针对这些问题提出了解决措施。     

ETHNIC DIVERSITY,PROPERTY RIGHTS,AND NATURAL RESOURCES

Countries rich in natural resources constitute both development failures and successes depending on their underlying socioeconomic fundamentals. Recent empirical evidence and theoretical work provide support for a resource-curse hypothesis based on ethnic fractionalization. There is also increasing empirical evidence suggesting that ethnic heterogeneity based on polarization is a strong deterrent of economic growth. In this paper, we explore the interlinkages between natural resource abundance and both measures of ethnic heterogeneity. In a two–simultaneous equation system, we assess the effects of fractionalization and polarization on property-rights protection, and thereby on growth, both directly as well as in interaction with our resource-abundance proxy. We find that ethnic polarization is more likely to have a direct negative impact on the effectiveness of property rights in a resource-rich context, which as we explain may suggest that different ethnic groups treat the contestable resource base as a semi-public good.     

Capital markets and legal development: The China case

Recent research establishes a significant positive correlation between law and finance (and hence economic growth), restarting a debate on the “law matters” thesis. However, which way the causality goes is still not clear. The purpose of this paper is to use the ongoing reform experience of China, especially its capital market experience, to examine the direction of causality. First, we show that China's recent experience is largely consistent with Coffee's [Yale Law Journal 111 (2001, October)] “crash-then-law” interpretation of this correlation. Indeed, it is the large and clearly defined constituency of investors that has been a key driving force behind much of the recent legal progress. The rights and economic interests of this constituency have fundamentally challenged the traditional emphasis of the Chinese legal culture on administrative and criminal sanctions, but not on civil litigation law. Second, we compare the different contributions to legal change made by the stock market and the consumer product markets. We argue that capital markets are perhaps the most conducive to the formation of a politically powerful constituency and hence more aggressive legal change, because of (1) the higher degree of commonality among interested parties and (2) immediately measurable and tangible damages. These two characteristics not only allow investors to identify with each other more easily, but also create an ideal basis for more debate in the media, which in turn promotes the development of a legal culture.     

论我国对外贸易中的知识产权问题

本文通过对中国在WTO中的知识产权涉诉情况及经历的301条款和337条款诉讼情况进行分析,认为我国政府、行业协会和企业应当密切合作,确立长期目标和措施,在理论和实践等各方面提高应诉能力。     

集体林权改革刍议

基于集体林权改革的起点要求及目标要求,提出了5点初步想法;对实现集体林权改革的起点要求需要解决的4个问题进行分析的结果表明:起点要求重在产权分解、建立新的产权关系;阐明了从起点要求到达目标要求这一渐进过程中会出现的4个阶段,以及从集体林权改革起点走向总体目标的途径;最后,提出从3个视角来衡量集体林林改成效,为进一步促进集体林权改革提供参考依据和理论基础。     

试论中国森林资源产权安排的理想模式

森林资源概念向森林资源资产概念的演进是可持续发展的客观要求,是人与自然关系逐渐从单纯索取向相互依存转变的实际表现。本文运用经济学的原理阐述了国有森林资源产权制度改革的必要性,提出了国有森林资源产权制度的特点和改革应坚持的基本原则;在分析我国森林资源产权现状的基础上,借鉴国外经验,提出了我国森林资源产权的理想模式。