虚拟仪器技术对知识创造的影响研究

仪器作为现代科学研究的核心组成部分,在很大程度上决定了科学知识的产出。虚拟仪器技术对知识创造产生了深远影响。“软件就是仪器”的理念使得传统仪器、测量观念以及仪器作为科技黑箱的内涵和功能发生了质的变化。虚拟仪器在集成大量编码知识的同时更多地集成了主体的隐性知识,虚拟仪器技术通过对主体知识体系的重塑影响了知识创造。主体只有通过长时间、复杂的学习和使用过程才能充分发挥虚拟仪器技术在知识创造中的优势,实现编码知识和隐性知识的共同增长。     

Does computer penetration increase farmers’ income? An empirical study from China

The diffusion and adoption of modern information technology provide new chance for China to close urban-rural income gap. This paper uses China's provincial panel data from 2002 to 2013 to investigate the effect of computer penetration on rural residents' income. A public program aiming to connect every village with broadband Internet and other rural facilities provides plausibly exogenous variation in rural residents' availability and adoption of the broadband Internet, which is used to explore the instrument variable for rural computer penetration. The results show that rural computer penetration tends to increase rural residents' income over time, but the average effect remains limited. The dynamic panel threshold effects model, which allows for both the threshold variable and other covariates to be endogenous, is further used to explore the constraints of the income-increase effect of rural computer penetration. It shows that the effect is at least doubled over the average effect estimated from instrument variables method, once the digital divide causes are removed. Our findings have important implications for the government to increase rural residents' income and reduce urban-rural income gap by encouraging rural computer usage and removing the digital divide.     

Do fiscal rules cause better fiscal balances? A new instrumental variable strategy

This paper estimates the causal effect of fiscal rules on fiscal balances in a panel of 142 countries over the period 1985–2015. Our instrumental variable strategy exploits the geographical diffusion of fiscal rules across countries. The intuition is that reforms in neighboring countries may affect the adoption of domestic reforms through peer pressure and imitational effects. We find that the mere existence of fiscal rules correlates with lower deficits, but the positive link disappears when endogeneity is correctly addressed. However, when considering the strength of rules through a continuous index of fiscal rules’ design, we show that well-designed rules have a statistically significant impact on fiscal balances. We conduct several robustness tests and show that our results are generally robust and not affected by weak instrument problems.     

创新政策组合：研究述评与未来展望

创新政策组合是当前政策研究领域的热点问题,已经得到越来越多学者的关注。通过梳理国内外创新政策组合相关研究文献,阐述政策组合概念起源和内涵,对政策组合文献的发文数量、重要文献等进行统计和分析。在此基础上,进一步厘清创新政策组合的发展脉络及理论框架,并从政策组合的维度、要素、过程和特征4个方面分析创新政策组合研究现状。最后,针对现有研究不足,提出未来研究方向,为进一步拓展该领域研究提供理论基础和知识储备。     

制度质量对外资银行进入的影响——基于腐败控制维度的研究

腐败控制是制度质量提升的一个重要维度。金融业务的典型“契约密集”特征将强化腐败对外资银行进入的摩擦,而外资银行作为纯粹的市场“新进入者”也面临高昂的“有效腐败”成本,因此,腐败阻碍外资银行进入,通过腐败控制来提升制度质量将有利于银行业开放。本文基于中国分省主观认知数据,以县域人口规模与矿产资源丰裕度作为工具变量,识别了制度质量对外资银行进入的影响。文章表明,坚持以反腐倡廉作为提升制度质量的重要政策支点,将有利于推进银行业乃至整个金融业的对外开放进程。     

C8051F120单片机在工业仪表中的应用

工业自动化在中国的快速发展,使得工业应用中的各种检测控制仪表也得到了快速发展。本文介绍了一款以C8051F120为CPU的工业仪表设计。     

Diagnosing a firm's internal environment for corporate entrepreneurship

Apple, 3M, Procter & Gamble, and Google know the importance of an internal environment supportive of innovative activity. But how is that environment identified or measured? As research on corporate entrepreneurial activity has evolved, numerous researchers have acknowledged the importance of internal organizational dimensions to promoting and supporting an environment for innovation. This research has identified five specific dimensions that are important determinants of an environment conducive to entrepreneurial behavior: (1) top management support, (2) work discretion/autonomy, (3) rewards/reinforcement, (4) time availability, and (5) organizational boundaries. If an organization is serious about developing an internal environment conducive to entrepreneurial activity, then it must seek to measure the specific dimensions associated with an innovative environment. In this article we introduce an instrument, the Corporate Entrepreneurship Assessment Instrument (CEAI), as a diagnostic tool used for assessing managers’ perceptions of the five major dimensions critical to creating an entrepreneurial/innovative environment. This instrument provides an indication of a firm's likelihood of being able to successfully implement an innovative strategy, and highlights areas of the internal work environment that should be the focus of ongoing development efforts.     

The effect of family welfare support on the likelihood of having another child and parents’ labor supply

Governments have recently attempted to reverse the below-replacement fertility rates in Europe by reducing child-rearing costs through child benefits, grants and paid leaves. This article examines the causal effect of family allowances on the likelihood of having another child, and on the extensive and intensive margins of labor supply. Evidence from Switzerland suggests that higher child benefits incentivize parents to have more children but do not affect their employment choice. The effect is larger for low-income families. These findings imply that policies aimed at improving the economic well-being of families are likely to increase fertility rates without distorting labor market outcomes.     

New environmental policy instruments to realize forest expansion in Flanders (northern Belgium): A base for smart regulation?

This paper evaluates the current instrument mix, designs options for smart regulation and estimates the support base of new instruments for the forest expansion policy in Flanders (northern Belgium). The framework applied is a combination of theories on instrument choice (ICT), policy transfer and legitimacy. The ICT points out that there is a need for new environmental policy instruments (NEPI) oriented to private actors that inform them or create win–win situations for all involved parties. The need is especially high for farmers, who are key actors. The policy transfer analysis suggested instruments currently in use in the Netherlands, England and Denmark that can fulfill these needs. However, the acceptability – or legitimacy – of the suggested instruments in Flanders is only high for three of these, notably the carbon fund, flexible grant scheme and expert advice (especially by forest groups). This largely fills some smart regulation gaps, like the need for information (expert advice), the involvement of other institutional actors (certifiers, forest groups) and the higher involvement of the private sector (all). However, some gaps, such as flexible land purchase through cooperation with real estate agents or other private agents and opportunities for win–win outcomes with farmers, remain. Thus, it is not possible to fully optimize the instrument mix in accordance with the smart regulation requirements in Flanders’ forest expansion policy at this moment. However, as continuity or incremental change is characteristic of most public policy, this does not mean that the suggested changes will be impossible in the near future, especially with the changing character of the rural space.     

央行票据再考察:债务置换工具视角

与把央行票据性质定位为中央银行债券的传统角度不同,本文从债务置换工具的视角重新阐释了央行票据的性质。我国的"外汇资产—人民币"发行模式导致了货币的超额发行,央行票据是对中央银行超额发行债务的置换。外汇资产的递增趋势决定了央行票据作为债务置换工具的可持续性。针对央行票据过度膨胀带来的负面影响,文章认为,应该从根源上解决人民币超额发行问题。