环境成本内部化及其对国际贸易的影响

当前,许多国家加强了对环境的管制,加快了环境成本内部化的进程。本文阐述了环境成本内部化的涵义,对其效应做了理论分析,并分别论述了其对国际贸易理论和实践两个方面的影响。     

信息/信息技术“国际化”

在经济全球化进程中,只有建立起与国际通行规则相适应,同时又符合本国实际情况的信息/信息技术基础,才能更好地发展本国经济,更好地开展与世界各个地区和各个国家的经济技术合作。     

世博会标志许可产品的产品责任及风险防范探讨

世博会标志许可经营是中国2010年上海世博会商业化运作的主要内容之一。如果世博会标志许可产品存在缺陷,并且生产企业没有在产品上标明其商标或其他明显识别性标志时,世博会标志权利人存在承担产品责任的风险,对此风险应从合同、质量保证金、产品责任险、监督检查等方面加强防范。     

完善科技评价体系 健全决策咨询机制

文章阐述了科技评价体系的功能作用及其重要性,针对我国科技评价体系的发展现状及特点,提出了几点关于完善我国现有科技评价体系、健全决策咨询机制的主要做法和工作建议。     

风险投资环境的描述框架及我国风险投资环境分析

从影响风险投资环境的因素分析入手，依据给出的分析框架从科技与产业基础、技术与资本市场、基础性环境三个方面对我国风险投资环境状况进行了分析并提出了相关对策建议。从总体情况看，我国风险投资环境与发达国家相比虽然有一定差异，但快速发展风险投资的环境条件已基本具备。     

生态化综合农业技术创新的特征与途径

新农村建设是一项复杂的系统工程。涉及到农业、农村和农民问题的综合解决。以往农业发展中注重技术创新的经济目标的局限性及由此带来的发展与环境的矛盾、经济增长与社会福利失衡的矛盾等是制约“三农”问题解决的瓶颈。因此根据生态科学和生态哲学倡导的整体性、持续性、创造性与和谐性的原则。探索有效的政策制度创新、科学技术创新、工程管理创新、教育体系创新的综合集成。成为新农村建设走向可持续发展的必经之路。     

环境保护的国际合作：以SARS为例

SARS危机反映了当前环境问题日渐国际化的趋势,其根源是资源紧缺和经济全球化之间的矛盾。面对这一问题,各国应通力合作、寻求对策,实现环境保护的国际合作。但环境责任在各国间的分配问题阻碍了国际环境合作的进展。本文指出,基于环境和国力的全球合作机制可合理分配各国的代际责任和代内责任,有利于促进环境保护的国际合作,是一种可行的环境保护国际合作模式。要实现这一目标,首先要各国在代际和代内责任的问题上达成共识,二是要增加国际机构、国际公约对合作各方的约束力。     

The e-integration dilemma: The linkages between Internet technology application, trading partner relationships and structural change

The evidence from an empirical study involving 281 Australian organizations suggests that the availability, open nature, and (comparative) ease of implementation of Internet technologies for integration with trading partners, whilst on the one hand providing the means by which organizations can integrate processes and systems in a cost effective way, can amplify the need for both structural change and closer collaboration with trading partners. The relationships proposed and tested in the model are justified and explained based on a number of theoretical perspectives. These include Transaction Cost Economics, Socio-technical Systems, Resource Dependency, Knowledge Based View, Stakeholder Theory and Organizational Learning. The implications of the findings for Transaction Cost Theory are noteworthy firstly because they support the appropriateness of the inter-organizational governance structure in the context of this study, and secondly because although application of these technologies may reduce information search and related costs, whether this necessarily leads to reduced coordination costs is problematic. The potential benefits from improved coordination may be constrained by the perceived costs, and risks, of transition to new structural forms. The implication for practice is that increased use of Internet technologies creates substantial pressure to invest in organizational change. The attractiveness of investing in technologies that place managers in a position where they need to promote organizational change in order to extract adequate returns creates a significant dilemma. On the one hand Internet technologies enable extensive sharing and integration of data among trading partners, but at the same time they create conditions requiring managers to embrace fundamental organizational change in order to leverage the potential of such integration.     

Skill-Specific rather than General Education: A Reason for US–Europe Growth Differences?

In this paper, we develop a model of technology adoption and economic growth in which households optimally obtain either a concept-based, general education or a skill-specific, vocational education. General education is costly to obtain, but enables workers to operate new production technologies. Firms weigh the cost of adopting and operating new technologies against increased profits and optimally choose the level of adoption. We show that an economy whose policies favor vocational education will grow slower in equilibrium than one that favors general education. More importantly, the gap between their growth rates will increase with the growth rate of available technology. By characterizing the optimal Ramsey education policy we also demonstrate that the optimal subsidy for general education increases with the growth rate of available technology. Our theory suggests that European education policies that favored specialized, vocational education might have worked well, both in terms of growth rates and welfare, during the 1960s and 1970s when available technologies changed slowly. However, in the information age of the 1980s and 1990s when new technologies emerged at a more rapid pace, they might have contributed to an increased growth gap relative to the United States.     

农地利用技术创新的类型与模式研究

农地利用技术是一个多层次的体系，它能在扩大耕地面积、提高土地利用率和耕地质量等多方面发挥重要作用。通过对“市场机制自发作用下的技术选择”和“政府引导下的技术选择”两种现实模式的探讨，认为技术创新具有外部性，土地利用更是具有明显的“外溢效应”，加上我国农业比较利益偏低和农地使用权流转市场发育不全带来的农地价格扭曲，常造成市场机制下技术创新的方向与资源稀缺状况不相符合的现象，从而带来资源配置的低效率。因此，适当的政府引导是必要的，也是有效的。