汇率制度选择理论的形成和发展历史回顾

文章对汇率制度理论的形成和发展做了较为详尽的历史回顾。结果发现，人们对汇率制度理论的研究是从第一次世界大战之后，就要不要恢复金本位制度的争论开始的，而汇率制度选择理论的发展轨迹潜藏于固定汇率制和浮动汇率制优劣的争论之中，并伴随着国际货币制度的历史变迁和国际金融市场的发展而不断完善；每个阶段所产生的有关汇率制度选择理论，都对当时汇率制度选择的实践起到了一定的指导作用，但是，其结论对于汇率制度的选择并不具有一般性指导作用；汇率制度决定理论还需要随着世界经济的发展而不断补充和完善。     

Restructuring and Redundancy: The Impacts and Illogic of Neoliberal Agricultural Reforms in Jamaica

Since the onset of IMF lending in the late 1970s, Washington-based planners have progressively compelled the Jamaican state to abandon its role in agriculture. Jamaica's agricultural adjustment occurred in two stages: first, agricultural development programmes were rolled back in the 1980s; second, liberalizing pressures in the 1990s threatened both the uncompetitive plantation sector (imperilling preferential markets) and domestically oriented small farmers (initiating a flood of cheap food imports). Today, agriculture in Jamaica is on the brink of irrelevance, with serious social and economic consequences in the balance. In critically assessing the process, impacts and illogic of agricultural restructuring in Jamaica, this paper highlights the uneven outcomes of global market integration and points to the urgent need for a reassertion of local sovereignty.     

Organizational Culture Requirements for High Levels of Knowledge Usage From Learning Activities Among Hotel Managers

The goal of the present study was to determine the learning culture factors important to high levels of knowledge usage at work among hotel managers. Hence, 121 managers from 41 hotels on the island of Jamaica were surveyed and the data analyzed using correlational analysis. The researchers found that as learning culture at work strengthened, so did the extent to which the hotel managers used knowledge acquired from their education, training, experience, and networking to solve problems and innovate on the job. The researchers also found six learning culture characteristics important to high levels of knowledge usage among the managers, with the most noteworthy being interdepartmental collaborations.     

Environmental Management Systems for Caribbean Hotels and Resorts

Abstract

Hotels and resorts around the world are now adopting environmental management systems as a means of improving resource use efficiency, reducing operating costs, increasing staff involvement and guest awareness, and obtaining international recognition in the travel and tourism marketplace. This article examines the cost savings and performance improvements at five hotel properties in Jamaica that were among the first in the Caribbean to adopt an environmental management system (EMS). The five hotels evaluated in the case study, Sandals Negril, Couples Ocho Rios, Negril Cabins, Swept Away, and Sea Splash have achieved remarkable improvements in environmental performance, and accompanying cost savings, since implementing environmental management systems (EMS).¹ These results are outlined below and serve as direct evidence of environmental performance improvements that result from proactive environmental management.² Total cost savings for the five properties is estimated to be $615,500, or $910 per room. The properties had a cumulative water savings of 41.4 million Imperial Gallons (IG) achieved; total electricity savings of 1.67 million kWh; total diesel savings of 169,000 liters; and total Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) savings of 259,000 liters. Expressing overall energy use in terms of kWh,³ the total energy savings is 5.67 million kWh.     

Community-Based Destination Governance in a Developing Economy: The Jamaican Experience

Utilizing a destination governance and social capital conceptual framework, the research examines opinions concerning goals and outcomes in regards to the Jamaican Ministry of Tourism's Ten-Year Master Plan to enhance tourism and increase shared governance. In addition to secondary sources of information, researchers use primary data obtained through an email survey sent to 540 Jamaican managers and executives, 18.3% of whom (n?=?99) completed the survey. Study findings may be deemed contrary to destination governance theory and best practices. However, upon closer examination, they are wholly consistent with theory and models that examine governance issues in developing nations. Arguably, Jamaica tourism may not be ready to fully embrace a network-based model of destination governance, but instead is in the process of evolving toward that model. The findings should be useful for the Jamaican and other developing nation's tourism industries. Further, it should spark discussion regarding governance differences between developing versus developed destinations.     

A small place,by Jamaica Kincaid: envisioning literary tourism in Antigua

ABSTRACT

This work departs from a reading of the novelistic essay A small place (1988), by Jamaica Kincaid, to analyse the representation of the tourism industry and of tourists in Antigua (the author's birthplace). From there, we present Kincaid's text as ‘tourist literature’ (Hendrix, 2014), also aiming to contribute to the examination of tourism-centred literary texts. Within the context of literature and tourism studies as well as comparative studies, this paper examines Kincaid's literary text in order to consider the promotion of literary tourism in Antigua. This example is then considered in light of recent contributions from literary tourism, space production, community-based tourism, mass tourism as well as responsible and sustainable tourism. Literary heritage as a resource for the tourism industry could bring tourists and locals closer and conspire to break down barriers between the largely dark-skinned hosts and the white tourists in Antigua.     

美元危机与国际货币体系共同演进的递推分析

自1960年以来,美元危机就与国际货币体系构成了相互递推演进的格局,共同的演变必将导致美元危机的消失和国际储备货币的多样化,最终形成一种超主权合成货币——特别提款权。只有这样,国际货币体系才能达成一种动态均衡,世界经济才会持续、稳定地向前发展。     

国际货币体系的改革与人民币国际化探析

牙买加体系自1976年创立至今,一直为世界货币基金组织使用,其自身存在着诸多问题,例如美元在现行国际货币体系中获取的权利与承担的义务不对等,整个货币体系的决策机制偏向于美欧等发达国家和地区,对发展中国家不利等问题。因此,对现有国际货币体系实行改革势在必行,应加快推进建立多元化的国际货币体系,增加发展中国家在国际货币体系中的话语权,大力推进人民币的国际化发展进程。     

Demographic trends in late-slavery Jamaica, 1817–32

Early nineteenth-century demographic trends on sugar estates in Jamaica, the most important British Caribbean colony, are examined through the 1817–32 public slave registers. We seek evidence regarding the background to the island's 1831–2 popular insurrection, the immediate cause of the London parliament's vote in 1833 to abolish colonial slavery. Some historians argue that the revolt occurred as ‘political’ effect from a sudden upsurge of metropolitan anti-slavery activism in 1830–1. They believe the uprising broke out despite improvement in enslaved people's material welfare, favoured by many slaveholders to secure population increase after the closure of the British transatlantic slave trade in 1808. Alternative ‘economic’ assessments judge that increasing workloads had been aggravating popular unrest before the revolt. Commercial pressures, and the imminent likelihood of emancipation, allegedly outweighed welfare concerns. The excess of slave deaths over births widened between 1817 and 1832. However, the registers show that demographic deficits resulted mainly from the ageing of the last Africa-born cohorts. Jamaica-born enslaved people became self-reproducing. There was no general pre-1831 regime deterioration. Most slaveholders sought to maintain their Jamaican assets for the long term through pro-natalist measures, and did not expect emancipation. The revolt's causes were thus more ‘political’ than ‘economic’.