A comparative review of the pharmacoeconomic guidelines in South Africa

Objective: To compare the pharmacoeconomic guidelines in South Africa (SA) with other middle- and high-income countries.

Methods: A comparative review of key features of the pharmacoeconomic guidelines in SA was undertaken using the Comparative Table of Pharmacoeconomic Guidelines developed by the International Society of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research, and published country-level pharmacoeconomics guidelines. A random sample of guidelines in high- and middle-income countries were analyzed if data on all key features were available. Key features of the pharmacoeconomic guidelines in SA were compared with those in other countries, and divergent features were identified and elaborated.

Results: Five upper middle-income countries (Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Malaysia, and Mexico), one lower middle-income country (Egypt), and six high-income countries (Germany, Ireland, Norway, Portugal, Taiwan, and the Netherlands) were analyzed. The pharmacoeconomic guidelines in SA differ in important areas when compared with other countries. In SA, the study perspective and costs are limited to private health-insurance companies, complex modelling is discouraged and models require pre-approval, equity issues are not explicitly stated, a budget impact analysis is not required, and pharmacoeconomic submissions are voluntary.

Conclusions: Future updates to the pharmacoeconomic guidelines in SA may include a societal perspective with limitations, incentivize complex and transparent models, and integrate equity issues. The pharmacoeconomic guidelines could be improved by addressing conflicting objectives with policies on National Health Insurance, incentivize private health insurance companies to disclose reimbursement data, and require the inclusion of a budget impact analysis in all pharmacoeconomic submissions. Further research is also needed on the impact of mandatory pharmacoeconomic submissions in middle-income countries.     

新古典宏观经济学的经济周期理论述评

二十世纪七十年代初,凯恩斯主义经济学在受到经济实践批判的同时,新古典宏观经济学也指出了其理论的缺陷,并以此为基础构建其宏观经济学的微观基础,即经济主体的理性原则、理性预期、市场出清,建立了货币经济周期理论和实际经济周期理论,否定政府政策的有效性,反对政府干预,力图完成其对凯恩斯主义经济学全面彻底的批判。     

国外港口体系研究述评

随着港口在区域经济和城市发展中的作用越来越大,港口之间的竞争也日趋激烈,港口体系的演化发展受到很多学者的关注,文章对国外从1950年代以来这一领域的大量研究成果进行回顾和评价,以便国内研究者借鉴利用。     

国内旅游演艺研究综述

旅游演艺是旅游业发展的创新点,是旅游新业态,旅游演艺研究能够在明确其内涵功能的基础上为地区旅游业发展服务。近年来,旅游演艺研究越来越受到学者们的关注,研究现状是描述性分析的多,模型统计研究的少;概念等相关理论研究少,现象研究多;个案研究数量不少,但只是宏观论述,缺乏实证,缺少说服力。针对研究现状,旅游演艺宏观上要多借鉴其他学科知识、加强定量研究,微观上进一步完善概念等相关理论知识、对旅游演艺产品开发影响因素、对旅游演艺的可持续发展等方面的研究,实现旅游演艺的可持续发展。     

时评写作的困境与突围

新闻评论引发的＂观点市场＂正渐趋形成。然而,老生常谈、就事论事、评论失真等时评病症也日益显现。在这种情况下,对时评写作理念重新定位,解决时评＂写什么＂的问题尤显迫切。在此基础上,加强报道与评论融合,引入＂评论记者＂制充;分利用民意调查平台,增强时评的参与度,不失为时评写作突围的一条有效路径。     

市场化进程、控股股东控制与现金股利政策研究综述

梳理了国内外有关现金股利政策的最新研究文献,探讨了外部环境和内部产权特征对现金股利的影响。最后认为:考察市场化进程与控股股东控制如何影响公司现金股利支付倾向与程度,进而探讨市场化进程与控股股东控制对现金股利经济后果的影响将是未来研究的主要方向。     

国内外旅游吸引物研究综述

旅游吸引物是开展旅游活动的前提基础,亦是旅游研究中的重要内容。以国内外相关文献为依据,经统计分析以及综述研究表明,关于旅游吸引物的研究集中于其概念、系统、分类、吸引力要素和合理利用等5个方面。其中就旅游吸引物的系统研究和合理利用方面已达成共识,而其概念、分类和吸引力要素的研究还存在诸多争议。通过对旅游吸引物的综述研究,旨在为明确研究方向提供参考。     

二级库存系统优化研究文献综述

指出随着供应链理论的发展,二级库存管理正在逐步取代单级库存管理成为学术界研究的重点对象。分析了二级库存管理的发展历程,并从库存控制和横向调拨这两方面梳理了相关研究文献,并提出后继可针对多品种库存的多目标优化开展进一步研究。     

On the conceptualization and measurement of dynamic capabilities for sustainability: Building theory through a systematic literature review

We performed a systematic literature review to explore and understand how the 23-year long debate about dynamic capabilities has addressed sustainability issues. Based on this, we propose a unifying framework that distinguishes different facets of dynamic capabilities for sustainability (DCsS) based on the different types of performance they are more suitable to predict. The theoretical contribution is twofold. First, we add to the literature by highlighting the dependence of different forms of DCsS on different levels of the centrality of sustainability outcomes in corporate strategies. Second, we shed light on the operationalizations of DCsS by providing guidance on the adoption of pertinent constructs and measurement models. The review concludes with a discussion of the managerial implications of the proposed conceptual framework to help decision makers better understand, which strategic moves to make to achieve their intended sustainability goals.     

Reevaluating waste as a resource under a circular economy approach from a system perspective: Findings from a case study

The circular economy (CE), definable as a system focused on the reorganization of material, information, and energy flows to achieve greater resource efficiency through the reuse, remanufacturing, and recycling of materials, is a concept widely discussed by practitioners and scientists of many disciplines. Waste recycling is integral to the CE, but there are still few articles focused on waste, and only few studies shed light on CE implementation at the company level. This paper focuses on a particular type of waste, that is, absorbent hygiene products (AHPs), which represents a nonnegligible fraction of municipal solid waste, considered an increasingly serious global challenge. We conducted our analysis on FaterSMART, an Italian firm that developed a unique worldwide technology able to totally convert AHP raw material wastes into recyclable materials, under a CE approach. The case study findings are based upon semi-structured interviews, direct observations, and analysis of FaterSMART's archival documents and are analyzed according to a framework developed for the research and focused on the place of waste from a linear economy, in which waste is considered a burden to CE, in which waste is considered a resource. The latter case is what we found that happens at FaterSMART. FaterSMART's findings could contribute to open up new management scenarios and stimulate further research into how this and similar types of technology will help societies to change from the “use-it-once-and-throw-it away” mentality of linear business models to the sustainable CE model that fully conceptualize waste as a resource for the system.