Agglomeration effects of inter-firm backward and forward linkages: Evidence from Japanese manufacturing investment in China

This paper examines the agglomeration effects of multinational firms on the location decisions of first-time Japanese manufacturing investors in China for the period 1995–2007. This is accomplished by exploiting newly constructed measures of inter-firm backward and forward linkages formed in a home country. The conditional and mixed logit estimates reveal that agglomeration by first-tier suppliers and customers draws subsequent investment into a location. However, such agglomeration effects are not pervasive and do not extend to the second and third tiers. Instead, we find that agglomeration by third-tier suppliers generates a countervailing force, making a location relatively unattractive.     

Relocation of second degree: Moving towards a new place or returning home?

We study the “Relocations of Second Degree” (RSDs), i.e., the location decisions that modify the country of destination of a previous offshoring investment. Specifically, we distinguish between two types of RSDs, i.e., “Relocation to the Home Country (RHC)”, also known as back-reshoring, and “Relocation to a Third Country (RTC)”, i.e., the choice to move to a second host country.Specifically, we explore how the location advantages underlying the previous offshoring decision affect the probability to undertake an RHC, rather than an RTC. Location advantages reflect the favourable conditions that a foreign country offers with respect to the home one, in terms of market-seeking, asset-seeking and efficiency-seeking (i.e., cost-saving and productivity-enhancing) opportunities. Using data from the European Restructuring Monitor, we focus on the RSDs regarding manufacturing activities, implemented across European countries between 2002 and 2015. We find that, on the one hand, when a previous offshoring investment is driven by market-seeking location advantage, firms undertaking the RSD are more likely to opt for an RHC, except during the economic crisis where market-seeking European firms seem to prefer RTCs. On the other hand, RTC is a preferred choice when the location advantage is of efficiency-seeking type. In addition to offering a broader characterization of RSDs, our study provides empirical evidence of the relationship between the offshoring and relocation decisions. Managers should be aware of this connection when designing their manufacturing internationalization strategies.     

京津第三产业分工协作特征

本文在从消费模式和劳动生产率两个方面首先对经典经济基础方法进行修正的基础上，系统分析京津两市第三产业的差别与联系，为京津发展提供依据。其主要结论：①北京第三产业总体优势明显，发挥着全国性三产服务中心的职能作用；天津在第三产业服务输出上，总体明显弱于北京，主要为大区服务。②北京以物流为基础的三产行业处于绝对劣势，或处于显著相对劣势地位；天津则是以知识为基础的服务业相对北京的劣势十分突出。相对而言，北京发挥了人流、资金流、信息流中心的作用，天津则扮演了物流中心的角色，而且这种分工在经历了八五期间之后越发明显。③京津两市联手发展的原则和方式主要为完全分工、相对分工、产业地域一体化发展。     

中国制造业的全球价值链融入及其区位优势提升

由于现代制造业的产品价值链越来越具有空间可分性的特征,一些处在产业主导地位的厂商越来越注重于在全球范围内实现价值链的重组。20多年来,对制造业国际转移的积极吸纳使中国的制造业在全球价值链体系中有了较大程度的融入。继续保持这种吸纳与融入,应在较长时期内成为中国经济发展的重要路径。     

“两税合一”对广东省外资企业税负与利用外资的影响

我国新颁布的企业所得税法实现了内外资企业所得税税率的统一。"两税合一"的实施,将使广东外资企业的整体税负因税收优惠减少而趋于增加。但历年改革开放成果的积累及良好的区位优势,使广东在吸引外资方面仍然具备相当强的竞争优势。可以乐观地预期,"十一五"期间广东利用外资仍将持续增长,并保持在全国的领先地位,但引资格局将发生一定的变化。     

我国对外直接投资区域选择分析

开展对外直接投资是我国在更高层次上参与国际分工、充分利用“两种资源”和“两个市场”的客观要求,加强对该领域的理论研究是十分必要的。本文着重探讨我国对外直接投资的区域选择问题。首先分析了我国对外直接投资区域分布的现状,第三部分从理论上论述了我国对外直接投资应选择哪些地区。分析表明,我国对外直接投资的区域选择应随投资目的的不同而不同,总的来说应开展全方位的对外直接投资,不同时期可以有不同的重点。     

A two-echelon inventory allocation and distribution center location analysis

The optimization of locations for distribution centers is influenced by the demand for individual products. Lower demand products are often more effectively held in more centralized locations than higher demand products. This paper presents a model for optimizing the location of inventory for individual products in a multi-product two-echelon inventory system and the integration of those decisions into the location analysis for distribution centers. A realistic application of the analysis process is discussed.     

我国服务业外国直接投资的区位因子分析

本文运用多元线性回归计量分析方法，从实证角度对近10年来影响我国服务业外国直接投资的区位因子进行了分析。结果表明，市场开放度、服务业外国直接投资集聚效应对我国服务业外国直接投资影响最大，彼此间存在着显著的线性关系。而影响外国直接投资的传统区位因素，如市场规模、市场增长潜力、劳动力成本等，虽然与服务业外国直接投资也存在着一定的相关关系，但其线性关系并不显著。     

Risk aversion in RDEU

Various notions of risk aversion can be distinguished for the class of rank-dependent expected utility (RDEU) preferences. We discuss the relationships amongst five of these, and describe simple (testable) characterizations in terms of elementary probability transformations for all but the weakest notion. The paper also provides the first complete characterization of the RDEU orderings that are risk-averse in the sense of Jewitt [Jewitt, I., 1989. Choosing between risky prospects: the characterization of comparative static results and location independent risk. Management Science 35, 60–70]. We also extend Chew et al.’s [Chew, S.H., Karni, E., Safra, Z., 1987. Risk aversion in the theory of utility with rank-dependent probabilities. Journal of Economic Theory 42, 370–381] important characterization of strong risk aversion [Rothschild, M., Stiglitz, J.E., 1970. Increasing risk: I. A definition. Journal of Economic Theory 2, 225–243] by relaxing strict monotonicity and differentiability assumptions, and allowing for discontinuities in the probability transformation function. The important special case of maximin choice falls within this relaxed RDEU class. It is shown that any strongly risk-averse RDEU order is a convex combination of maximin and another RDEU order with concave utility and continuous, concave probability transformation. Our proof of the result on strong risk aversion is also simpler (as well as more general) than that of Chew et al. [Chew, S.H., Karni, E., Safra, Z., 1987. Risk aversion in the theory of utility with rank-dependent probabilities. Journal of Economic Theory 42, 370–381].