Distributional effects of environmental taxes on transportation: evidence from Engel curves in the United States

Indirect taxes on transportation activities that pollute can correct externalities and close the gaps between private and social costs. However, policy makers often find such Pigou taxes difficult to implement because of political resistance due to possibly adverse affects on equity. For this reason it is important to assess the distributional aspects of environmental levies. This article estimates properties of the demand for transportation in parametric and non-parametric analyses of Consumer Expenditure Surveys for the United States and finds patterns in the resulting set of Engel curves. Private transportation using air flights and new cars has Engel elasticity above unity while public transportation via mass transit has Engel elasticity below unity. The findings can be interpreted in an important way since they show that a differentiated scheme of environmental taxes on transportation may function progressively. A Pigou scheme with larger taxes on modes of transportation that pollute more appears to coincide with larger levies on luxury modes preferred by richer households.     

基于“学习曲线”效应的长期质量成本模型

企业质量管理中存在“学习曲线”效应。在传统质量成本模型中引入累积产量和学习率 ,形成了长期质量成本模型。该模型长期质量成本随累积产量的增加而下降 ,而不同时期的最适宜质量水平随累积产量的增加而提高并趋近于零缺陷水平。该模型的结果与六西格玛管理实践一致     

广义供给定律与房地产投机

在复杂的市场中,商品供给量的变化主要受制于行业利润率与平均利润率的比较,呈现随平均利润率上下波动的趋势。广义供给定律从平均利润率与行业利润率的角度研究了商品供给与价格的关系,揭示了商品供给量变化的规律以及房地产投机的根源。     

经济发展、个人所得税调整与城镇居民收入差距

通过收集中国28个省、市、自治区2003—2012年的面板数据一方面验证库兹涅茨曲线在中国是否成立,另一方面,在库兹涅茨曲线基础之上验证2006年和2011年个人所得税调整对中国城镇居民收入差距的影响。实证研究结果表明,库兹涅茨曲线在中国显著存在,而且当人均实际GDP达到20 000元(2003年不变价格)左右时,中国城镇居民的收入差距随着人均GDP的进一步增加而逐渐下降,与跨国面板的实证结论一致。在该库兹涅茨曲线基础之上2006年个人所得税调整对城镇居民收入差距的影响不显著,而2011年的个人所得税调整则显著地降低了中国城镇居民的收入差距。     

Poverty Orderings

This paper reviews the literature of partial poverty orderings. Partial poverty orderings require unanimous poverty rankings for a class of poverty measures or a set of poverty lines. The need to consider multiple poverty measures and multiple poverty lines arises inevitably from the arbitrariness inherent in poverty comparisons. In the paper, we first survey the ordering conditions of various individual poverty measures for a range of poverty lines; for some measures necessary and sufficient conditions are identified while for others only some easily verifiable sufficient conditions are established. These ordering conditions are shown to have a close link with the stochastic dominance relations which are based on the comparisons of cumulative distribution functions. We then survey the ordering conditions for various classes of poverty measures with a single or a set of poverty lines; in all cases necessary and sufficient conditions are established. These conditions again rely on the stochastic dominance relations or their transformations. We also extend the relationship between poverty orderings and stochastic dominance to higher orders and explore the possibility and the conditions of increasing the power of poverty orderings beyond the second degree dominance condition.     

A Phillips curve interpretation of error-correction models of the wage and price dynamics

This paper presents a model of employment, distribution andinflation in which a modern error correction specification ofthe nominal wage and price dynamics (referring to claims onincome by workers and firms) occupies a prominent role. It isbrought out, explicitly, how this rather typical error-correctionsetting, which actually seems to capture the wage and pricedynamics of many large-scale econometric models quite well,is fully compatible with the notion of an old-fashioned Phillipscurve with finite slope. It is shown how the steady-state impactof various shocks to the model can be profitably conceived ofand interpreted in terms of (and to some extent even calculatedby means of) this long-run Phillips curve.     

BOC(10,5)信号的调制与解调

讨论了卫星导航中BOC调制解调的原理和实现方法，并着重研究了接收机的码跟踪技术。首先阐述了BOC信号体制出现的国际背景及信号特点，并介绍了BOC（10，5）信号形式和频谱特性，然后简要介绍了信号调制的方法，最后重点讨论信号解调方法。针对BOC信号多峰结构的自相关特性，分别研究并比较了两种解调方案，最后综合两者特点提出了组合式解调恢复方法。     

ECONOMIC SANCTIONS REVISITED: ADDITIONAL INSIGHTS INTO WHY THEY FAIL

Economic sanctions have a poor track record in achieving their objectives. In most cases, they are ineffective in bringing about policy change, cause increased suffering in the sanctioned country and reduce opportunities for business. This paper provides additional insights into why sanctions fail by examining two overlooked factors: power–dependency theory and pressure for political stability.     

河北省土地生态系统服务价值研究及趋势预测

编制适用于河北省的土地生态系统服务价值系数表,利用土地基础数据和生态系统服务价值量化模型,计算出河北省土地生态系统服务价值在1996～2006年呈现先减少后增加的变化趋势;并运用spss统计软件中的曲线回归对变化趋势做出了合理预测。     

A Nonlinear Model of the Term Structure of Interest Rates

We present an economically motivated two–factor term structure model that generalizes existing stochastic mean term structure models. By allowing a certain parameter to acquire dynamical behavior we extend the two–factor model to obtain a nonlinear three–factor model that is shown, in a deterministic version, to be equivalent to the Lorenz system of differential equations. With reasonable parameter values the model exhibits chaotic behavior. It successfully emulates certain properties of interest rates including cyclical behavior on a business cycle time scale. Estimation and pricing issues are discussed. Standard PCA techniques used to estimate HJM type models are observed to be equivalent to dimensional estimates commonly applied to 'spatial data' in nonlinear systems analysis.
It is concluded that techniques commonly used in the analysis of nonlinear systems may be directly applicable to interest rate models, offering new insights in the development of these models. Tests of nonlinearity in interest rate behavior may need to focus on long cycle times.