Developing a conceptual framework for slow travel: a grounded theory approach

This paper discusses the sociocultural phenomenon of slow travel and explores and clarifies definitional issues. The 30-year-plus antecedents of slow travel are examined. A literature review shows a concentration on four key features: slowness and the value of time; locality and activities at the destination; mode of transport and travel experience; and environmental consciousness. Links to the slow food and slow city movements are discussed, and evidence that slow travel is an important emergent form of tourism in Europe, accounting for 10% of the holiday market, is provided. A grounded theory approach continues the exploration, involving 23 in-depth interviews with practitioners and academics, which revealed that their core requirements for slow travel centred on slowness, the travel experience and environmental consciousness. There was a lack of consensus about the eligibility of car travel and high-speed rail. Slow travel is seen as a group of associated ideas rather than as a watertight definition; it is a mindset about travel rather than a tangible product and concentrates on lack of speed rather than slowness per se. The conclusion shows it to be a growing part of the sustainable tourism paradigm and proposes a working definition of slow travel.     

Bidding in real estate: A game theoretic approach

Taking advantage of recent developments in bargaining theory, we examine the bidding process for residential real estate. Within this game theoretic context, we consider whether the phenomenon of buyer's remorse is compatible with the rationality required of participants.     

Location,governance, and strategic determinants of japanese manufacturing investment in the united states

A firm's decision to manufacture abroad depends on location, governance, and strategic factors. Governance factors are firm-specific. In spite of this, most empirical studies of foreign direct investment (FDI) have been conducted at the industry level (making it impossible to look at firm-specific determinants), and only a handful have considered governance, location, and strategic factors simultaneously. This paper is the first large sample study of the determinants of foreign direct investment at the product and firm-level. It examines the impact of location and governance factors, and of four types of strategic interactions, on a Japanese firm's propensity to manufacture in the U.S. The results support the view that foreign direct investment is explained by location, governance, and strategic variables. Economies of scale and trade barriers encourage Japanese FDI in the U.S. The larger a Japanese firm's R & D expenditures, the greater the probability it will manufacture in the U.S., but this is not the case for advertising expenditures. Some strategic factors are also important: Japanese firms with medium domestic market shares have the highest propensity to invest in the U.S. There is evidence of follow-the-leader behavior between firms of rival enterprise groups, but none of ‘exchange-of-threat’ between American and Japanese firms. Japanese investors are also attracted by concentrated and high-growth U.S. industries.     

On Forward Induction and Evolutionary and Strategic Stability

We analyze which normal form solution concepts capture the notion of forward induction, as defined by E. van Damme (1989, J. Econ. Theory48, 476-496) in the class of generic two player normal form games preceded by an outside option. We find that none of the known strategic stability concepts (including Mertens stable sets and hyperstable sets) capture this form of forward induction. On the other hand, we show that the evolutionary concept of EES set (J. Swinkels, 1992, J. Econ. Theory57, 306-332) is always consistent with forward induction. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Number: C72.     

试述刘少奇对“人民内部矛盾理论”的探索过程

从民主革命时期、新民主主义社会向社会主义社会过渡时期、社会主义建设时期三个方面论述了刘少奇对人民内部矛盾理论的探索,指出它对四化建设有重要的指导意义。     

公司治理结构研究中的误区

国有公司治理结构不能用委托代理论分析,原因在于全民与国家之间的关系不是委托代理关系。国有公司治理结构中行政权力授予关系是基本的,市场合约关系是辅助的。产权决定论认定国有企业的改革只要进行产权制度改革就会搞好,论据并不充分。明晰界定产权是建立有效公司治理结构的前提和基础,但并不能自动带来企业的有效治理和高效率。国有企业只有从依赖政府转向市场竞争,不懈地追求管理控制,才能使企业组织发生变化,从而提高劳动生产率。     

西方经济学中的社会保障理论批判

西方社会保障理论是围绕效用价值论这个基础展开的,这导致了西方社会保障理论和政策的混乱。马克思主义社会保障理论建立在剩余价值理论和再生产理论的基础上,是科学合理的。西方社会保障理论的产生和发展,始终围绕着国家干预主义和经济自由主义两大思潮的兴衰而发展演变。马克思主义社会保障理论从维持社会再生产顺利进行和维护广大劳动人们利益的角度,始终强调国家在社会保障中的作用,反对社会保障的私有化。西方国家社会保障实践随着西方社会保障理论的发展而发展变化,而每次政策实践的较大变化又与理论的突破和创新密切相关。我国的社会保障理论,要在坚持马克思主义的基础上,根据时代需要实现全面创新。     

How manufacturers value purchase offerings: An exploratory study

The notion of value and the principles and methods that buyers use to discover which supplier offering has more value needs to drive all business marketing activity. However, the concept of value and how to measure it is somewhat vague. The authors present a simple way to think about value. The research reports an exploratory empirical study of how the valuation model fits the views of purchasing managers and how purchasing agents view value and use it to make decisions. In general, the model posited appears to fit the view of purchasing agents, however, there is some digression and further research is needed.     

Debt and Firms' Relationships: The Italian Evidence

Theories that predict the strategic use of debt by players engaged in a verticalrelationship are tested using an empirical model of debt usage. It is found thatfirms selling mainly to other firms are characterised on average by a higherlevel of debt. No evidence supports the notion that buyers increase their leverageto commit themselves not to behave opportunistically towards their suppliers. Theresults in the paper also suggest that group organisation limits the incentive to usedebt strategically within the holding-subsidiaries relationship.     

关于主动性决策理论(非理想系统决策理论)的研究

本文介绍了主动性决策理论研究的概貌,它的若干概念、原理和研究方向。作为它的理论基础,还探讨了系统组织化不完备性原理和非理想系统概念。