评罗伯特·奥曼及其博弈理论——冲突与合作

杰出的经济学家罗伯特.奥曼在决策制定理论方面取得的辉煌成就,对博弈论和其他一些相关经济理论的形成和发展起到了不可或缺的作用。其博弈理论涉及到现代博弈论最重要、最基本的核心问题,为博弈论的发展开辟了许多新的领域和思路。目前,现代经济生活中的冲突与合作主要表现为“刷卡风波”,商家认为在利润率不高,顾客刷卡率上升的情况下,银行的刷卡收费率太高,商家已不堪重负。根据奥曼的合作博弈理论和重复博弈理论,银商矛盾的最终化解在于银商双方通过博弈寻求合作,应考虑我国的具体情况,出台商户刷卡相关优惠政策,探讨银行、商户、顾客三方共赢的新模式。     

对复杂经济系统理论的探讨

传统的经济学是建立在静态的、均衡的理论基础上的,现实经济系统中越来越多的现象已无法在这一理论框架下得到合理的解释。复杂性经济理论将复杂性理论引入经济领域,以动态非均衡的复杂性观点来研究经济问题,认为经济系统是一个过程依赖性的、不断演变的有机体,从而使许多经济现象得到了很好的解释。因此,它已不再是对传统经济理论的补充,而是一种更全面的、建立在非均衡基础上的、崭新的经济理论。对它的探索是有意义的。     

Towards a cohesive curriculum tourism: The case for a distinct discipline

This paper addresses a controversial topic in tourism scholarship which is simultaneously a problem and an opportunity in tourism education: the philosophical issue of academic disciplines and specifically, the question of a distinct discipline in tourism studies. It is argued that the orthodox approach to tourism education, multi-disciplinary studies, has become an impediment. It is suggested that a new discipline can be created by organizing the existing body of knowledge and that such a discipline can become the core of an inter-disciplinary approach. Certain characteristics of an embryonic discipline are outlined and innovations in this area at Sydney Technical College are discussed.     

Cost information sharing with uncertainty averse firms

Summary. A homogeneous Cournot duopoly with asymmetric information is analyzed. Every firm learns its own marginal cost parameter, but not the marginal cost parameter of the opponent. Every firm can commit to revealing its private information to the other firm, i.e. to share information. The influence of uncertainty aversion on the readiness of the duopolists to share cost information is analyzed. Uncertainty aversion is modeled according to the Choquet utility theory. It is shown that low uncertainty aversion leads the firms to share information, while high uncertainty aversion leads the firms not to share. A simple economic explanation for this result is given.Received: 5 January 2001, Revised: 7 May 2003, JEL Classification Numbers: D43, D81, D82.I wish to thank Jürgen Eichberger, Volker Krätschmer, Willy Spanjers, seminar participants at Universität des Saarlandes, seminar participants at University College London, participants in the conference of the Verein für Socialpolitik in Mainz 1999 and an anonymous referee for helpful comments. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Central Bank.     

"按族裔划分家庭年均收入"标准的实质

通过对各族裔家庭年均收入差距形成的原因进行分析,探讨了当今美国社会中流行的“模范少数民族”理论和“文化缺损理论”,并指出了以家庭年均收入水平为标准来衡量各族裔在美国社会中对经济资源的占有是不科学的,这个标准的提出是多数族裔掩盖各族裔在社会经济资源占有上实质上的不平等的体现。它的使用是多数族裔的政治性行为,其目的是为了巩固多数族裔已取得的政治、经济和社会地位。     

Cognitive Theory and Moral Behavior: The Contribution of F. A. Hayek to Business Ethics

This paper shows how business ethics as a concept may be approached from a cognitive viewpoint. Following F. A. Hayek's cognitive theory, I argue that moral behavior evolves and changes because of individual perception and action. Individual moral behavior becomes a moral rule when prominently displayed by members of a certain society in a specific situation. A set of moral rules eventually forms the ethical code of a society, of which business ethics codes are only a part. By focusing on the concept of "limited" or "dispersed knowledge" that underlies the cognitive approach, I show that universal ethical norms that should lead to defined outcomes cannot exist. This approach moreover shows the limits of deliberate rule-setting. Attempts to deliberately impose universal ethical rules on societies may turn out to be harmful for societal development and lead to an abuse of governmental power.     

苏宁进入家电市场的博弈启示

博弈论译自英文"GameTheory",1994年三位长期致力于博弈论理论和应用研究、实践的学者纳什、海萨尼、塞尔顿共同获得诺贝尔经济学奖,使得博弈论得到了最具权威性的肯定。本文以苏宁进入家电市场为切入点,揭示了在经济活动中,企业应注意运用博弈论的原理、方法来指导企业的各项     

罗尔斯"正义国家"理论初探

虽然罗尔斯在其正义理论中很少使用"国家"这个词,但是他实际上提出了一种"正义国家"观.他通过"正义国家"理论的构建,着重探讨了一个组织良好的社会即"正义国家"是否可能的问题,即人类社会应该在怎样的正义原则规范下才算是一个组织良好的"正义国家".作为理性的个人为了获得社会合作所产生的较大利益而进入一个合作体系进行社会交往时,选择罗尔斯的正义原则,就是要逐步地选择稳定性和正义性更大的规范社会秩序的社会规则.     

内生金融理论视野中的基础货币供给

内生金融理论认为 ,中央银行基础货币的供给并非是由中央银行完全控制的外生变量 ,而主要是由经济体系内生决定的。本文首先阐述了内生金融理论的主要观点 ,然后在此视野内 ,分别考察了我国基础货币供给四种方式的内生性 ,最后得出要培育良性的货币供给内生机制的启示 ,建议中央银行采取古典的货币供给模式和“钉住利率型”的中介目标 ,以此促进金融经济的稳定、发展     

Sraffa's legacy

This review essay of Critical Essays on Piero Sraffa's Legacyin economics situates Sraffa's work in relation to the Marshalliantradition and neo-Walrasian general equilibrium theory, andreviews the current state of debate between adherents of thesetraditions on the role of demand, returns to scale, capitaltheory and policy analysis. Other issues considered includethe corn model, Sraffa's critique of Hayek, and the extensionof the capital theory critique to the intertemporal equilibriummodel.