中国农村小额信贷供求状况分析

小额信贷自20世纪90年代以来在世界各地取得了巨大的发展和举世瞩目的成就,作为一种新型的金融方式,已经引起了全世界的广泛关注,正在逐渐得到重视和推广。小额信贷机构能够有效地为农村贫困人口提供小额贷款与其他金融产品,解决农村金融的困境。但截至目前,小额信贷的发展状况仍然难以满足社会经济发展的要求。本文分析我国农村小额信贷的供求矛盾,探讨其发展缓慢的深层次原因,并提出相对应的政策建议。     

THE SHORT-TERM POVERTY IMPACT OF SMALL-SCALE,COLLATERAL-FREE MICROCREDIT IN INDONESIA: A MATCHING ESTIMATOR APPROACH

Indonesian microfinance is primarily operated by for-profit commercial banks, characterized by large-scale loans that require collateral. In 2003, the largest nongovernmental organization in the country introduced much smaller-scale loans without a collateral requirement. This scheme is commercialized but potentially more suited to the credit demands of the poor. Applying propensity score matching with the difference-in-difference method, this paper examines whether the emerging microcredit scheme has been successful in targeting and improving the welfare of the poor in the one year following loan disbursement. The results show that although collateral ownership is not an important determinant of participation, relatively wealthier families gain access to microcredit. The impact of microcredit on various household outcomes is generally statistically insignificant, except for sales of nonfarm enterprises for the nonpoor and schooling expenditures for the poor. This implies that the microcredit scheme under study might not have an immediate impact on poverty alleviation.     

小额信用贷款的风险管理:基于贝叶斯均衡的博弈分析

小额信用贷款直接面向客户发放,小额度、无需抵押担保。这普通商业贷款业务不同,极易引发信用风险。围绕小额信用贷款的发放,借款人与金融机构间展开了不完美信息的动态博弈,博弈分析结果显示提高欺骗成本与优质借款人提出贷款申请的比例、降低借款的预期收益都有利于金融机构控制风险。为此,可以从利率政策、风险控制机制与内部管理机制入手,有效的降低金融机构的风险。     

Optimal self-financing microfinance contracts when borrowers have risk aversion and limited commitment

This paper examines optimal lending contracts between a single not-for-profit lender and a continuum of risk-averse borrowers, where the lending relationships are continually created and destroyed.  The lender self-finances its costs via income from loans, while borrowers can walk away from the current relationship in any period and search for a new relationship.  We characterize the optimal allocation by formulating the lender’s problem of maximizing social welfare and by resorting to a variational argument that takes into account the limited commitment problem and the endogenous outside option values of the borrowers.  In the benchmark case of the Benthamite social welfare function, we find that the optimal stationary allocation exhibits novel consumption dynamics: Borrower consumption begins at a relatively low level, converges toward a particular level when the participation constraint is slack, and jumps up when the participation constraint binds.  We then explore the role of limited commitment in generating such consumption dynamics and discuss the associated repayment profile.     

Strategic motivations and choice in subsistence markets

This paper examines the different motivations behind strategic choice in base of the pyramid or subsistence markets. Two strategies are examined through comparative analysis: market extension and strategic intent. Using two commercial bank's micro-lending business strategies in Sri Lanka, a comparative case study suggests that strategic intent is motivated by building capabilities over time that results in successful poverty alleviation, whereas market expansion is motivated by an immediate desire to expand overall sales revenue. This conclusion may help reframe subsistence market or BoP arguments away from such false choices as appropriate size (e.g., multinational corporations versus small and medium size enterprises) toward more useful discussion on understanding why firms participate in subsistence markets and what is the motivation behind their strategic choice. By considering more than just size and scope and studying the motivations behind long-term solutions to poverty alleviation, firm success can be better understood and achieved.     

International diversification and Microfinance

International commercial banks, institutional investors, and private investors have become increasingly interested in financing microfinance institutions (MFIs). This paper investigates whether adding microfinance funds to a portfolio of risky international assets yields diversification gains. By using mean-variance spanning tests with short-sale constraints, we find that investing in microfinance may be attractive for investors seeking a better risk-return profile. Specifically, the analysis suggests that investing in MFIs from Latin America, or microfinance and rural banks yields more efficient portfolios. In contrast, adding MFIs from Africa or microfinance NGOs to a portfolio of international assets is not beneficial for a mean-variance investor.     

Do microfinance institutions benefit from integrating financial and nonfinancial services?

This article examines the impact of microfinance ‘plus’ (i.e. coordinated combination of financial and nonfinancial services) on the performance of microfinance institutions (MFIs). Using a global data set of MFIs in 77 countries, we find that the provision of nonfinancial services does not harm nor improve MFIs’ financial sustainability and efficiency. The results however suggest that the provision of social services is associated with improved loan quality and greater depth of outreach.     

我国农村小额信贷效率低下的成因探析

针对我国农村小额信贷宏观效率与微观效率均较低下的现状,本文从农村金融体制、农村小额信贷风险度量、农村小额信贷运营成本、政府财政基础等方面出发,对我国农村小额信贷效率低下的原因进行了探讨。     

国际小额信贷机构评级研究及启示

国际小额信贷机构评级始于1996年,距今已有十余年的发展历史,并广泛应用于投资评价、监管等方面。近年,国际小额信贷机构评级发展加快,有20余个评级机构活跃在市场上,2010年共发布396份评级报告。但是,小额信贷机构评级发展时间短,市场需求不足、评级方法不成熟等因素将成为行业未来发展的最大挑战。     

Determinants of margin in microfinance institutions

Microfinance institutions (MFIs) lend to the poor. However, microfinance clients suffer from high interest rates, a type of poverty penalty. This article analyses the margin determinants in MFIs. A banking model has been adapted to microfinance. This model has been tested using 9-year panel data. Some factors explaining bank margin also explain MFI margin, with operating costs being the most important factor. Specific microfinance factors are donations and legal status, as regulated MFIs can collect deposits. It has also been found that MFIs operating in countries with a high level of financial inclusion have low margins.