Offshore production and skill upgrading by Japanese manufacturing firms

We investigate the influence of offshore production by Japanese multinationals on domestic skill intensity. Identifying relationships based on within variation in a panel of 1070 firms, we find that additional foreign affiliate employment in low-income countries raises skill intensity. The positive effect of FDI on domestic skill intensity, however, diminishes as investment shifts towards high-income countries. Increases in affiliate employment in low-income countries also raise a firm’s reliance on finished goods purchases, suggesting that overseas employment affects domestic skill intensity because imports of final goods from foreign affiliates displace domestic production.     

基于资源观的跨国公司子公司特定优势的形成和发展研究

近年来,在跨国公司折衷理论“三优势范式”的基础上,又出现了一种新的优势——子公司特定优势。本文对子公司特定优势进行了分析和阐述,回顾了资源理论及其与竞争优势的关系,介绍了子公司特定优势的由来和概念,又以资源理论为基础,分析了子公司特定优势的形成和发展过程。     

Suppliers’ Compliance with MNCs’ Codes of Conduct: Behind the Scenes at Chinese Toy Suppliers

Despite increased academic and practitioner interest in codes of conduct, there has been little research into the actual compliance of suppliers in developing countries with the codes of conduct of multinational corporations (MNCs). This paper addresses this lack by analysing Chinese suppliers’ level of compliance with Swedish toy retailers’ codes of conduct. Based on unannounced and unofficial interviews with employees of Chinese suppliers, the study shows that all of the nine studied suppliers breached some of the standards in the toy retailers’ codes, with over two-thirds of the suppliers not complying with the majority of the studied standards. While there are different explanations of this lack of compliance, the main explanation seems to be that Chinese suppliers successfully deceive toy retailers’ monitoring organisations by decoupling the formal monitored part of their organisation from the actual operational part of their organisation. The paper concludes with a discussion of how to increase compliance with MNCs’ codes of conduct. Niklas Egels-Zandén is a PhD student at the School of Business, Economics and Law, Goteborg University, Sweden. His areas of research are international business and corporate social responsibility, especially in relation to multinational corporations in developing countries. He has previously published in Journal of Business Ethics, Business Strategy and the Environment, and Journal of Corporate Citizenship.     

制度分割、产业集群与跨国公司区位

当前,产业集群快速发展,并已成为跨国公司的新区位,对文献的回顾也证明集聚经济已成为跨国公司新的优势来源。本文从经济组织角度研究了产业集群对于跨国公司区位的意义,特别注重制度分割对于产业集群的组织属性、效率边界及演进动力的作用,以及这种作用对于跨国公司区位的影响。最后提出发展中国家应以制度分割推进产业集群建设来制定引资战略的政策建议。     

Host-Country Determinants of the Market Strategies of US Companies' Overseas Subsidiaries

As compeition in many industries becomes increasingly global, MNEs have found that import-substitution subsidiaries, focusing on the supply of national markets, are much less viable. In the pursuit of enhanced competitiveness through export-oriented subsidiaries, MNEs are also finding that relying on low-cost host-country inputs to produce established productss is also a limited strategy. The more dynamic strategy of allowing subsidiaries to use a wider range of creative local inputs to take full responsibility for the development, production and international marketing of distinctive new products is a more effective approach. Such an upgrading of the subsidiaries' role within the MNE often parallels the aims of host-country governments to achieve a more individual and dynamic basis for their country's evolving comparative advantage. It is thus argued that MNE subsidiaries and host countries can go through a mutually supportive period of creative transition, endowing both with a new level of technological dynamism and independence. The paper tests aspects of these arguments by analysing the host-country determinants of the degree of export-orientation of US MNEs' overseas subsidiaries.     

企业与非政府组织的关系:态度与策略

非政府组织是非市场环境的一个重要组成部分。非政府组织对市场主体———企业产生什么影响?企业在如何与非政府组织打交道?西方学者对这些问题进行了广泛研究,也对跨国公司与中国非政府组织的关系进行过一些案例研究。对西方学者的相关主要研究为中国企业研究自身与NGO的关系提供有价值的参考。     

供应链模式下制造企业选择供应商的模糊方法

在制造企业的供应链管理中,供应商选择在企业采购中具有重要地位,因此,如何正确选择供应商就成为一个重要课题。本文提出了供应商选择的模糊评价方法,并进行了实例分析,结果显示具有较好的使用价值。     

环境管制与企业竞争力——基于“波特假说”的质疑

波特假说认为,恰当的环境规制可以激发被管制企业创新,有利于提升企业的竞争力。然而本文通过分析发现,波特假说不具有一般性。环境管制对企业竞争力的影响主要是在企业的生产成本、产品的差异化、企业对环境管制的态度等方面,企业的处境不同,环境管制对企业竞争力的影响也就不同。我们不能完全迷信于波特假说,而是要具体分析我国企业的现状,制定适合我国企业发展的环境管制措施,尽量减少对我国企业竞争力的负面影响。     

上市公司高管-员工薪酬差距与经营业绩关系实证研究

用2005-2012年我国上市公司的面板数据,研究了高管-员工薪酬差距与公司经营业绩之间的关系,发现高管-员工薪酬差距对公司经营业绩的影响呈现倒U型结构,并存在一个最有利于公司经营业绩成长的极值点。在到达极值点之前,高管-员工薪酬差距对公司经营业绩的影响表现为正效应,在达到极值点之后表现为负效应。实证结果也发现,地区、产权、资金周转率、员工人数、员工受教育程度等因素均会影响公司经营业绩,并且发达地区和非国有上市公司的极值点较大,可以承受更大的高管-员工薪酬差距。     

关于提高跨国公司外派效果的思考

在全球战略和知识经济时代,成功的“外派”是跨国公司保持竞争优势的关键。但是,目前,跨国公司发现留住外派人员越来越难,外派人员回国后的流失现象也经常发生。该文从跨国公司全球化发展和团队管理国际化两方面阐述了跨公司外派产生的根源,分析了以美国、日本和德国为代表的跨国公司外派的总体情况,从跨国公司与外派人员的利益关系分析了外派效果不佳的原因及外派失败的认识误区,并提出了提高跨国公司外派效果的具体对策,为我国跨国公司的发展提供了借鉴意义。