国家生态文明试验区建设提高了碳生产率吗？——采用回归控制法的实证分析

设立国家生态文明试验区是加快推进生态文明建设的重要举措,2016年和2017年设立的首批国家生态文明试验区有福建省、江西省和贵州省。在“双碳”目标约束下,有效提高碳生产率成为国家生态文明试验区建设的重点任务之一。利用2004—2020年29个省份的面板数据,运用回归控制法分析福建、江西、贵州三省建设国家生态文明试验区对碳生产率的影响及其作用机制,结果表明：设立国家生态文明试验区后,三省碳生产率的增长快于其他26省份的均值,且福建省比浙江省、江西省比安徽省、贵州省比云南省有更快的碳生产率增长;设立国家生态文明试验区产生了明显的碳生产率提升效应（福建省、江西省、贵州省的年均政策效应分别为0.1378万元/吨、0.0654万元/吨、0.0403万元/吨）,该结论在时间安慰剂、排除其他政策干扰和用信息准则选择最优子集等稳健性检验中依然成立;设立国家生态文明试验区产生了明显的能源消费结构改善效应、技术进步促进效应、劳动生产率提高效应。应持续推进国家生态文明试验区建设,有效促进绿色低碳发展。     

资源税及碳税改革动向与影响

国务院已经明确要推进资源税改革,在新疆率先实施,并逐步推广到西部12个省区市。国家有关政府部门也开始研究开征碳税的可行性。资源税改革和碳税开征将提高煤炭开采环节和燃煤发电环节的成本,从而导致发电成本和电网企业购电成本上涨。介绍了资源税和碳税的基本情况和改革方向,分析了对电力企业和其他能源企业的影响。     

中国碳金融市场对区域产业结构的影响研究——基于panel data计量模型的实证分析

文章选取中国CDM碳交易数量位居前列的十个省份为样本数据,对产业结构系数与单位GDP碳减排量之间的关系进行了梳理,并通过分析目前中国碳金融市场发展困境与碳金融市场对产业结构的影响方式,探究出中国碳金融市场对区域产业结构的影响。通过采用面板数据背景下的固定效应模型进行统计分析,从定量的角度研究了碳金融对区域产业结构的影响,得到了某一区域碳交易规模的大小会对该区域产业结构系数起到积极的正向影响的结论。但是,不同区域之间存在差异性,主要原因归根于当地文化、发展阶段与政策导向。最后文章有针对性地从制定碳金融发展战略、加大碳金融市场基础设施建设与完善碳金融的监管和风险防范体系三方面,进一步提出了促进碳金融和低碳经济发展的对策建议。     

节能减排约束下中国能源消费结构演变分析

优化能源消费结构是节能减排目标实现的有效措施。首先分析了能源消费结构演进的内在变动规律,并运用基于OLS估计的Markov链模型预测了2020年中国能源消费结构的变化趋势,得出中国能源消费结构中以煤炭为主的高碳能源消费比重不断下降,而高效清洁能源所占比重不断上升的结论;然后通过路径分析方法对节能减排约束下能源消费结构的外部影响因素进行了剖析,明确其影响效应。结果表明：一方面,碳排放量约束对能源消费结构优化的直接影响较大,能源消费量约束、经济发展水平、能源价格和能源禀赋对能源消费结构优化起着间接推动作用;另一方面,节能减排会对能源供给和能源利用效率造成一定程度的负面影响,从而使碳排放约束和能源消费量约束对科技发展水平产生抑制作用。     

国内外低碳旅游研究进展综述

低碳旅游是旅游业应对气候变化和实现可持续发展的最佳选择。从低碳旅游的源头上解释和概述低碳旅游发展脉络,可以发现旅游业是气候敏感性的产业,气候变化影响旅游业的发展,而旅游业的发展又加剧了气候变化。低碳旅游的相关研究始于气候变化对旅游业的影响,发展于旅游业缓解气候变化的相关研究。国内外关于低碳旅游的发展轨迹存在很大的不同,目前低碳旅游理论体系与实证研究均有待加强。     

碳监测的概念演变及其法律价值

拥有一套坚实、可信和透明的监测系统来跟踪各国的温室气体排放情况和减排行动,既是国际体系有效应对全球变暖的关键基石,也是一国进行碳减排政策创新、碳减排政策绩效评价和开展国际气候谈判与合作的制度基础。碳监测制度奠基于气候谈判中的"三可"原则,现阶段呈现区域化、内国化的发展趋势。加强我国应对气候变化能力建设,需要针对碳监测的制度目标、制度价值,围绕碳排放监测报告制度、碳排放核证制度、碳监测信息管理制度等进行制度架构,以实现碳监测制度和机制的系统化、法定化。     

低碳经济发展的金融支持研究

金融业要支持低碳经济,发展"绿色金融"、"碳金融"是必经之路。绿色金融在低碳经济下发展势头迅猛,碳金融交易市场成为低碳经济制高点。中国碳金融具有巨大的市场空间,因此,应积极发展碳金融,获得主动权,即要积极制定碳金融发展的战略规划;健全碳金融监管和法律框架;培育碳金融创新机制,完善碳金融中介服务;创新和发展多样化的碳金融工具;建立统一的碳金融市场;积极推动碳交易人民币计价的国际化进程;等等。     

贸易中隐含碳问题溯源及其研究进展

随着经济全球化和贸易自由化进程的加快,环境问题逐渐成为全球共同关注的问题。同时贸易与环境的相互影响也在加剧,有关气候变化等国际环境问题的探索日益成为理论与政策研究的热点,随着2009年哥本哈根第十五次缔约方大会的召开,CO2等温室气体的控制减排已不再是个纯科学议题,而成为国际政治经济关系的重要话题,贸易中隐含碳的排放成为研究的焦点。本文旨在通过文献梳理探索隐含碳问题的渊源,并对目前国内外有关隐含碳问题的研究进行综述,以便更好地开展研究,正确合理界定中国实际CO2排放量并从外贸角度为缓解碳排放压力提供有利依据和指导。     

Contradictions of the Climate-Friendly City: New Perspectives on Eco-Gentrification and Housing Justice

As local governments and corporations promote ‘climate friendliness’, and a low-carbon lifestyle becomes increasingly desirable, more middle- and upper-income urban residents are choosing to live near public transit, on bike- and pedestrian-friendly streets, and in higher-density mixed-use areas. This rejection of classical forms of suburbanization has, in part, increased property values in neighborhoods offering these amenities, displacing lower-income, often non-white, residents. Increased prevalence of creative and technology workers appears to accelerate this trend. We argue that a significant and understudied socio-environmental contradiction also occurs where the actual environmental outcomes of neighborhood transformation may not be what we expect. New research on greenhouse gas emissions shows that more affluent residents have much larger carbon footprints because of their consumption, even when reductions in transportation or building energy emissions are included. We describe an area in Seattle, Washington, the location of Amazon's headquarters, experiencing this contradiction and show a distinct convergence of city investments in low-carbon infrastructure, significant rises in housing prices and decreases in lower-income and non-white residents. We conclude with a discussion of a range of issues that require more attention by scholars interested in housing justice and/or urban sustainability.     

Rethinking the costs related to global warming: A survey of the issues

One approach to the economic analysis of global warming seeks to balance the costs of damage from or adaptation to it with the costs of mitigating it. The costs of adaptation and damage have been estimated using techniques of environmental evaluation, but are subject to a wide margin of uncertainty. The costs of mitigation, principally by reducing the emissions of CO₂, have been estimated using different kinds of economic models, some of the results of which have suggested that very little abatement of carbon emissions is justified before the costs of abatement exceed the benefits of it in terms of foregone damage and adaptation costs. The paper analyses the extent to which this conclusion is a function of the modelling assumptions and techniques used, rather than likely practical outcomes, with regard to the models' treatment of unemployed resources, revenue recycling, prior distortions in the economy due to the tax system and possible dynamic effects from the introduction of a carbon-energy tax. It concludes that, with different and arguably more appropriate treatment of the above issues, especially when the secondary benefits of reducing CO₂ emissions are also taken into account, it is not clear that even substantial reductions in the use of fossil fuels will incur net costs, especially if there is the prospect of even moderate costs from global warming.