Payment uncertainty, the division of labor, and productivity declines in great depressions

This paper proposes a simple model that formalizes a variant of Ohanian's conjecture explaining the productivity declines observed in the Great Depression [Ohanian, L.E., 2001. Why did productivity fall so much during the Great Depression? American Economic Review 91 (2), 34–38]. If a large payment shock like an asset-price collapse renders many firms insolvent, other economic agents become exposed to a higher risk of not being paid (payment uncertainty). The payment uncertainty causes endogenous disruptions of the division of labor among firms, thereby lowering macroeconomic productivity.The prediction of the model is that productivity correlates negatively with bankruptcies and positively with the cost share of intermediate inputs, which is consistent with the data from depression episodes. The model implies that the so-called failure of macroeconomic policy in the United States during the early 1930s, when a rash of bankruptcies occurred, could actually have been welfare enhancing, since the quick exit of insolvent agents can resolve payment uncertainty quickly.     

城市居民住房支付能力研究——基于2000-2008我国10城市的经验数据

根据我国10个城市的中房指数推算各城市2000年-2008年期间的房价,利用国家城调队的城镇居民家庭收入和消费数据,计算各城市的房价收入比、住房可支付性指数、月供收入比,提出月供消费结余作为辅助判断指标,在此基础上分析各城市居民的住房支付能力,结果发现所有样本城市的房价收入比普遍较高,其中南京、武汉、深圳、成都和重庆五城市居民的住房支付能力比其他5个城市强,最后提出了相应的政策建议.     

Mortgage payments and household consumption in urban China

By exploiting variation both in mortgage payoffs and mortgage interest-rate resets, we find that a decline in mortgage payments induces a significant increase in nondurable goods spending, even when households have substantial amounts of liquidity. Following mortgage payoff, households increase consumption expenditures by 61% of the original payment. In comparison, households increase consumption by only 36% in response to a transitory payment adjustment induced by interest rate changes. Households with a higher payment-to-income ratio have a significantly lower marginal propensity to consume (MPC). These results have practical implications for policy markers seeking to design consumption boosting policies and are important for understanding how changes in monetary policy may affect consumer spending patterns.     

基于银行卡个人支付手段与支付模式的研究

本文通过分析基于银行卡个人支付手段的交易流程,指出基于POS、ATM传统机具的支付模式存在较大的金融信用风险,并存在资源稀缺性的缺陷;而基于移动终端或电话终端的支付模式比基于POS、ATM的支付更具有可普及性,且金融风险得到了降低;随着生物识别技术的发展,基于生物识别的支付模式可能是未来的一个发展方向。生物识别具有唯一性,在这种模式下,金融风险会得到最大限度的降低。     

Payment for ecosystem services： emerging lessons

Market based initiatives for management of degrading ecosystems and their services have received the added attention as one of the innovative responses in the reent years. Those initiatives such as direct and indirect payment for ecosystem services like premium for rain forest honey, payment by the people at the lower reach to those at the upper reach for the watershed services etc. have drawn the attention of the decision makers as they have proved to be far more cost effective.This paper wynthesizes the key messages from some of the paper are carbon, watershed services and biodiversity, We find that while credible valuation of ecosystem services for all services remain a critical concern behind setting up the payment mechanism, absent of necessary institutional framework may seriously undermine this innovative response for management of ecosystems. In the paper, necessary institutional mechanisms enabling the market for those services have been sketched out, Key messages from those cases have been synthesized.     

Governance and control in distributed ledgers: Understanding the challenges facing blockchain technology in financial services

As blockchain platforms are becoming increasingly noticeable in financial services and beyond, questions arise regarding their suitability to compete with or replace existing payment systems and marketplaces and redesign the financial infrastructures of the future. Prominent among these concerns are issues around governance and control in distributed ledgers: How are distributed ledger technologies governed? Can blockchains address complex administration problems? What key issues of note for practitioners and academics have emerged thus far? In this paper we aim to review the existing governance practices of established or popular blockchain and decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) systems with a view to understanding how they hold up in times of crises. What questions are raised when they are compromised or faced consensus challenges in coordinating action especially around control and accountability? We use a translational process, generating focal insights about present concerns from the reference point of completed academic studies and extensive practitioner consultation. Rather than adopting a declarative approach attempting to provide all the answers, we draw insights from the IT platform governance literature to offer a critical perspective for asking the right questions around key governance issues in financial infrastructure such as decision rights, control mechanisms, and incentives.     

论银行保函在国际一般货物贸易中的运用

在简要介绍银行保函一般知识的基础上，重点分析付款保函，履约保函，预付款保函三种常用银行保函在一般国际货物贸易中的运用，及其与信用证操作相比具有的明显优势和特点。希望能在国际贸易结算方式的选择上，对出口商有一定的借鉴意义。     

西部财政转移支付制度的渐进式改革

今后一个时期西部转移支付制度改革,应体现渐进式改革的总体思路和指导原则;在转移支付规模保持既有水平下,对现行的无条件拨款和有条件拨款均进行大幅度的结构转换,逐步扩大无条件拨款有条件拨款的规模,消解非规范化的税收返还等补助形式.     

我国国际收支对通货膨胀传导机制的经济计量检验

随着经济全球化程度的日益提高，我国的经济运行已经处于渐进的开放经济条件之下，这使得货币控制已经不完全取决于国内的经济因素。因此，研究来自外部经济因素的影响就越发显得重要。本文通过Granger影响关系、VAR模型的冲击反应和误差方差分解等方法证实了通货膨胀的外部传导机制，即我国国际收支状况的变化引致外汇储备变化，对以外汇占款形式的基础货币投放产生影响，从而对通货膨胀构成影响，最终对宏观经济运行产生作用。     

INTERCHANGE FEES IN PAYMENT CARD SYSTEMS: A SURVEY OF THE LITERATURE

Abstract This paper surveys the recent literature about interchange fees in payment card systems. Interchange fees are used by payment platforms to allocate the total cost of a payment card transaction between the cardholder's bank, the issuer, and the merchant's bank, the acquirer. Each time a consumer pays by card, its bank receives an interchange fee from the merchants' bank. Banks argue that interchange fees are needed to encourage the use of electronic payment instruments, whereas merchants claim that they artificially inflate the cost of accepting cards. This paper sheds light on the ongoing debate that opposes banks to the regulatory institutions or the competition authorities in various countries, by reviewing the theoretical results of the literature and highlighting some unanswered issues.