To Bundle or Not to Bundle: Firms’ Choices under Pure Bundling

We examine the economic implications of pure bundling under the settings of monopoly and duopoly. We show that under monopoly and pure bundling of goods with independent demands, the bundled price is strictly less than the sum of the unbundled prices. In the setting of duopoly and Nash prices, we examine whether bundling can be used as a tool to deter entry. In contrast to the findings of previous studies, we show that with low entry costs, entry is deterred by unbundled as opposed to bundled sales. With high entry costs, however, the incumbent chooses to bundle.     

入世后宁波利用外资的特征、绩效及发展对策

入世以来宁波在外资利用方面呈现出了总量增加、投资来源地多样化、投资行业渐趋合理等特点,同时也暴露出了大项目数量少、产业集聚效应不强、辐射力差、总体质量偏低、结构不合理等弱点。为此,本论文提出了相应的对策与建议。     

进入管制行业的集聚效应和社会福利——基于航空航天制造业的实证研究

基于省级和国家层面的宏观数据,分别构建了产业集聚和社会福利发展水平的综合评价指标体系,利用脱钩理论分析了我国航空航天制造产业的集聚效应及其与社会福利发展水平之间的关系。研究表明:航空航天制造业在东部地区发展迅猛;产业集聚的总体水平呈现下降趋势;集聚效应所带来的社会福利总体发展水平呈现下降的趋势,直接福利和间接福利并没有得到同步发展;产业集聚和社会福利发展水平多为同向变化,集聚福利脱钩指数呈现下降趋势;进入管制政策在一定程度上能够促进产业发展。     

边境口岸出入境签证制度与跨境旅游业发展——以广西壮族自治区东兴市为例

边境口岸出入境签证制度是发展跨境旅游产业的基础和先决条件,对出入境旅游人数、旅游财政收入、旅游资源的开发、旅游服务和其他产业发展产生一定的影响。而目前边境口岸出入境证件签发管理制度的局限性影响了跨境旅游业的发展。因此要采取相应的政策和措施,从而促进边境跨境旅游业向纵深发展。     

应用DNA条形码技术快速鉴定入境船舶上截获的昆虫蛹

[目的]利用DNA条形码技术快速准确鉴定从入境船舶上截获的未知双翅目昆虫蛹。[方法]将截获的5只蛹,1只蛹直接冷冻,4只孵化出成蝇;对蛹、蛹壳及孵化出的成蝇进行拍照留档。分别从蛹、蛹壳和孵化成蝇中提取基因组DNA;采用动物DNA条形码通用引物（LCO1490和HCO2198）扩增目的片段,并进行纯化、克隆测序和序列分析,与NCBI及BOLD中的序列进行比对,构建NJ树;对孵化成蝇进行形态鉴定。[结果]所检测的蛹、蛹壳以及孵化成蝇的DNA条形码序列与NCBI和BOLD中大头金蝇（Chrysomyia megacephala）的序列相似度达100%;孵化成蝇与大头金蝇的形态特征相符。[结论]根据测定结果,判定截获的未知双翅目昆虫蛹为大头金蝇的蛹;证明DNA条形码技术是一种鉴定未知昆虫蛹的有效手段。对于口岸截获的外来未知昆虫蛹、成虫残肢甚至蛹壳均可直接采用DNA条形码技术进行种类鉴定,大大缩短鉴定周期。     

Determinants of Hazard Confronting New Entry: Does Financial Structure Matter?

This paper attempts to identify the determinants ofhazard confronting 219 new manufacturing firmsestablished in 1982–84 and followed up to1992 using a Cox regression model. Three sets ofvariables are combined in the analysis: firm, sectorand cohort specific. Financial, firm specificcharacteristics such as larger initial financialcapital size, conservative borrowing, heavier fixedasset commitment and lower diversification in terms ofholding other firms' assets are estimated to reducefirm hazard. Higher sectoral entry and lower sunk costsectoral requirements by increasing marketcontestability increase risk of failure together withcyclical variations.     

The duration of new firms in banking: an application of Cox regression analysis

This paper studies the duration of two cohorts of entrants in the Italian financial intermediation industry. Using the Cox (1972) Proportional Hazards Model, it analyses the link between duration of each newborn firm and its start-up size, as well as a series of industry-specific characteristics. It emerges that not only did regulatory reform in 1990 result in a process of branch proliferation and industry concentration, but it also set in motion a pre-entry selection mechanism. Conversely, before completion of the regulatory reform, in 1989, entry was possible even for very small firms, and larger new entrants survived longer than their smaller counterparts, and this independently of the features of spatial and structural competition. First version received: Nov. 98/final version received: Oct. 99     

Uncertainty and entry deterrence

Summary. We study a model where capacity installation by an incumbent firm serves to deter others from entering the industry. We argue that uncertainty about demand or costs forces the incumbent to choose a higher capacity level than it would under certainty. This higher level diminishes the attractiveness of deterrence (Proposition 1) and, therefore, the range of parameter values for which deterrence occurs (Proposition 2). Received: July 10, 1997; revised version: November 21, 1997     

International market selection strategies of manufacturing and services firms

This paper discusses the entrepreneurial landscape in Africa and locates a new generation of African entrepreneurs and their business networks within it. Unlike others in that landscape (i.e. micro- or small-scale informal sector vendors, and traditional or multinational large-scale formal sector firms), the ‘new generation’ entrepreneurs are business globalists who organized a system of business enterprise networks consisting of national, regional, and pan-African organizations. The study analyses interview data from 57 men and women network members from 10 countries (Botswana, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe). Some defining characteristics of these entrepreneurs are interactive social and business relationships, use of modern management methods and information technology, trust among fellow members, transparent business practices, advocacy on behalf of the private sector, and commitment to increasing intra-African commerce. Their mission is to improve the climate for private sector business in Africa and to promote regional economic integration. They pursue cross-national commercial ventures, maintain official observer status at established regional economic organizations, sign memoranda of understanding with multilateral agencies, establish venture capital funds, and help to change government policies. The paper identifies characteristics of the ‘new generation’ entrepreneurs, evaluates goals and achievements of their networks, and concludes that despite limitations, these entrepreneurs and their organizations have created intra- and cross-national networks that strengthen private-sector-led economic growth in Africa.     

What do we know about entry?

This paper is a brief survey of recent empirical work on entry. It is organized as a series of stylized facts and a series of stylized results which together summarize much of what is generally understood - or believed - about what drives entry, and about the effects that entry has on markets.