Variability of User-Based Evaluative Standards for Backcountry Encounters

Backcountry visitors are often surveyed regarding their personal evaluative standards (or norms) for acceptable levels of encounters with other groups. In this study, backpackers at Grand Canyon National Park were asked about the acceptability of encounters at several times: at home prior to their trip, once each day during their trip, and at-home after their trip. Thus it was possible to assess spatial and temporal variability within individuals, as well as variation among individuals, in both the ability to provide a personal evaluative standard about number of encounters and the standard provided. Results suggest that backcountry visitors differentiate between zones in the Grand Canyon backcountry managed to provide diverse settings, including visitor density. However, there was substantial variation in the standards provided both among individuals and over time within individuals.     

Greening the balanced scorecard

Environmental management issues have received an increased amount of attention in recent years, as have various performance measurement systems (PMS) such as the balanced scorecard (BSC). However, implementation of these systems is challenging due to the differences found amongst the companies and users of PMS. This study investigates how the presence of particular supporting factors served to facilitate a PMS change that incorporated environmental measures. Utilization of extant change models enables us to investigate different change factors like advancing and hindering forces, momentum, and the leaders of change. We found two models appropriate for investigating environmental management accounting change, even though the change factors can be either dynamic or static. The study also proposes that company culture should be carefully taken into account when companies are changing their PMS. Technical changes to PMS are far easier to accomplish than are changes to a dominant culture. Finally, we suggest that utilizing the BSC for the purposes of environmental management is a worthwhile pursuit.     

变化环境中的中国共产党调适性——海外中国研究的视角

在最近的十余年中,西方学界出现了对中国共产党调适性的研究,它以共产党国家体制持久性为研究问题,以中国共产党的能动行为为研究对象,探讨中国共产党在变化环境中的调适现象。文章认为,这一研究有着西方式的问题意识,对中国共产党在变化环境中的能动做出了多层面的分析,带动了以党为中心的研究范式的复兴。但是,这一研究仍受限于西方政治理论与政治文化场景的影响,有其内在的问题。     

国企脱困之后的思考

三年脱困是国企改革进程中，在一定政策条件下的阶段性成果，它使国企恢复了一定的元气。深化国有企业的改革，从宏观层面上说是调整优化整体国企的布局，对国企进行战略性重组；从微观层面上说是对具体的国企进行公司化改造，即进行制度创新，建立现代企业制度。这两个层面仍是现阶段国企改革的当务之急。     

Consumption and the retail change process: a comparative analysis of toy retailing in Italy and France

Set in the context of a review and critique of the retail change literature, this study conceptualizes the importance of cultural diversity in consumption practices, and their dialectical interplay with retail structures. Underpinned theoretically by concepts located in Critical Theory and Bourdieu's studies of 'Distinctions', a grounded approach at a macro-level of analysis is applied to the comparison of the French and Italian toy retail sectors, which serves as an empirical illustration of the conceptual categories and relationships posited. In the comparative analysis of the French and Italian toy retail industry, the links between market structures and macro-economic and demographic factors, on the one hand, and localized consumption habits, on the other, are discussed, highlighting the interplay of the properties of the emergent retail activity and consumption categories of analysis. The impact of global sourcing and market entry of international retailers is assessed. Conclusions point to the importance of the forcefield between localized meaning and the dynamics of toy retail capital. It is argued that the commodity form of toys, together with the values attached to them and the role they play in childhood, is influencing the structures of national toy retail sectors which are also dependent on the overall retail system and broader environmental factors. In this, retail change processes take place as a result of the interactions between the different spheres and their particular expressions cannot be generalized across borders as they depend on the specific dynamics within each system.     

从“腾笼换鸟”分析东莞市经济产业转型

本文从东莞过去30年中经济产业发展历程出发,分析了东莞经济发展特点以及所面临的资源、市场等方面的挑战。分析了东莞经济产业转型的必然性和紧迫性。进而提出东莞市在未来经济产业转型过程中应当采取的措施。最后通过总体分析和思考,总结了政府作为、区域环境、企业自身三者的相互作用关系,提出三方力量相互配合的科学运作模式。     

The Methodological and Ethical Issues of Conducting Management Research in the Voluntary Sector

This article discusses the methodological and ethical issues involved in conducting research in the voluntary sector. By outlining a proposed research strategy the authors highlight the challenges and issues that voluntary sector researchers face. The article concludes that the nature of the voluntary sector and the unique characteristics of voluntary organizations not only impact on the development of voluntary sector management theory but also on the research design, ethics and practices adopted for empirical studies into voluntary organizations.     

The Pursuit of Significance

The results of a large scale research project among top public managers in The Netherlands are presented. On the basis of Likert-scaling the degree of Change Orientation is measured. Change Orientation consists of five components: commitment to values; serving the public; empowerment and shared leadership; pragmatic incremen-talism and dedication to public service.     

“笼中虎”：一个金融制度变迁故事的解读

中国既有的经济改革过程曾经出现过许多耐人寻味的制度变迁现象,＂笼中虎＂便属其中比较典型的一个。这种现象产生于经济体制转换伊始的特殊时期并贯穿于迄今为止的整个改革过程;它一直对中国金融制度变迁路径的选择产生着重要影响,却长期被人们视作偶或发作的短期金融＂症状＂而等闲视之。通过对这一现象的初步描述与解读,本文发现,＂笼中虎＂的产生机制深藏于由＂放权让利＂改革所触发的财政与银行体系汲取能力的相向变化过程。由于国家无力在短期内修复与重建残缺的内源融资制度,最终形成的政府主导型经济增长模式只有倚重以国有银行体系为核心的外源融资机制。作为这一过程合乎逻辑的制度后果,居民储蓄存款被迫承担起了支持长期经济增长的责任,而为了确保在银行体系账面上迅速积累的居民储蓄存款的稳定,国家又不得不慷慨兜揽了与此相关的几乎全部金融风险。尽管在既有的改革过程中＂笼中虎＂罕有发作甚至长期表现平稳,但对其潜在风险的担忧与防范却牢牢钳制着金融改革路径的选择。当随后的金融制度演进需要市场因素的成长时,才发觉金融市场化的空间已被既有的改革逻辑＂挤出＂,中国金融改革进程从此便注定长期遭受＂市场化悖论＂的困扰。