Advertising as an Entry Deterrent: Evidence from UK firms

Advertising is widely considered to be an important isolating mechanism through which firms may defend an established competitive advantage. However, there is relatively little empirical evidence on the extent of the strategic use of advertising either to deter or in response to entry. In this paper, I report on a study of the advertising practices of 843 medium‐sized and large UK‐based firms. Nearly one‐quarter of all the advertisers surveyed state that they attribute importance to entry deterrence as an aim of their advertising. Further, one in five managers of advertising firms state that they would increase advertising expenditure if a new rival company appeared in their market. It is also apparent that there is a strong correlation between the perceived importance of advertising as an entry‐deterring tool and the intensity of advertising spending. Multivariate modelling provides confirmation that the existence of a sheltered market position, and the profitability that typically accompanies this, provides a statistically significant determinant of the decision to use advertising as a strategic entry‐deterring weapon.     

动机理论对英美概况教学的应用价值研究

在二语习得中存在着很多影响二语学习的因素。其中,动机理论对学习者的二语习得影响很大,一直以来都受到语言学家们的广泛关注。早期的外语学习动机研究一直以Gardner的社会心理模式为主流,自九十年代起,学习动机研究逐渐呈现多元化。本文分别从生物视角、行为主义视角、认知视角对各动机理论进行了总结,并对其在英美概况教学中的应用进行了初步探讨,旨在对英美概况教学提供借鉴。     

Backshoring of production activities in European manufacturing

Backshoring – the movement of manufacturing activities from locations abroad back to the home country – has gained some attention in policy discussions and in academic research in recent years. This paper presents empirical evidence on backshoring from a large sample of European manufacturing firms. The data indicate that backshoring is still uncommon among European firms. Around 4% of all firms in our sample have moved production back to the home country between 2013 and mid-2015. The most frequent reasons for backshoring are the loss of flexibility, a lack in quality of the goods produced abroad, and unemployed capacities at home. Flexibility and quality concerns are, in particular, relevant for firms that move production back from Asian countries. Backshoring is most likely for manufacturers of final products and in high-technology sectors, in particular in electrical equipment, information and communications equipment, and the Automotive industry.     

土地利用现状调查信息系统的设计与功能概述

土地利用现状调查是我国土地资源管理中的一项重要工作,它主要是对土地所有权、使用权界线及各类用地面积进行调查汇总,用以将来制定科学合理的土地利用规划。本文即对调查中所利用的重要信息工具土地利用现状调查系统的设计和功能进行介绍。     

A matter of opinion—How ecological and neoclassical environmental economists and think about sustainability and economics

The differing paradigms of ecological and neoclassical environmental economics have been described in various articles and books and are also embedded in different professional associations. However, we cannot take for granted that the paradigm debates described in the literature are actually mirrored in exactly the same way in the perceptions and opinions of researchers looking at sustainability from an economic perspective. This paper presents empirical results from a German case study on how economists and others involved in sustainability research from different schools of thought think about the issues of sustainability and economics, how they group around these issues, how they feel about the current scientific divide, and what they expect to be future topics of sustainability research.We analyze the data using cluster analysis. Based on a literature survey, we generated forty sustainability economics-related statements and asked 196 sustainability researchers about their degree of agreement or disagreement with these statements. In evaluating our survey results, we discuss to what extent the clusters that we identified do—or do not—represent the two schools of thought of ecological and neoclassical environmental economics. We also propose some fields of research that can help to bridge the gaps amongst sustainability economics researchers while clearly marking others that are more suitable for a scientific ‘competition of ideas’. Key results of the study are: We identify two primary scientific clusters, one clearly confirming the existence of the ecological-economics school of thought, and the other largely capturing the neoclassical environmental view. Yet, there are some surprising exceptions: Both schools of thought share a conceptual definition of sustainability that is integrative in considering ecological, societal and economic dimensions (‘three pillar concept’) and is geared at preserving the development potentials of society. We also find a shared critique of ‘pure economic growth’ strategies in our sample. These shared opinions may provide bridging concepts between the schools of thought. Also both clusters agree with respect to a wide range of future fields of sustainability economics research. Yet, the research agenda of the ecological-economics cluster contains a large number of additional topics, primarily related to social, distributional and evolutionary aspects of sustainable development. Strong divides between the clusters that seem to be more suitable for a scientific competition of ideas are primarily related to the question of how to achieve sustainability, including appropriate environmental policies.     

Efficiency and effectiveness between open and closed innovation: empirical evidence in South Korean manufacturers

This study addresses two main questions. First, what is the best measurement of innovation performance? Second, is there a significant difference in the performance between open and closed innovation firms? We discuss new measures (‘efficiency’ and ‘effectiveness’) and investigate any differences between open innovation and closed innovation firms by using indicators. The impact of open innovation on firm performance has been examined in existing studies. Most papers, however, employ simple indicators such as patents and financial data. This paper verifies the relationship between open innovation and performance in the Korean manufacturing industry using a new approach. The results show that both efficiency and effectiveness were statistically higher among open innovation firms than among their closed counterparts. It may thus be concluded that the acquisition of outside technology or knowledge has a positive impact on firm performance.     

城乡差异视角下养老负担对家庭消费的影响——来自CSS的经验证据

利用中国社会状况综合调查（CSS）2011年的微观调查数据,采用ELES模型分析养老负担对城乡家庭消费的影响。得到如下结论：养老负担降低了城镇和农村家庭的人均消费水平;养老负担对家庭边际消费倾向的影响存在着明显的城乡差异,城镇地区有养老负担的家庭在食品和居住项目上的边际消费倾向要高于没有养老负担的家庭,而农村地区则表现出相反的特征;城镇有养老负担家庭在家庭设备、交通通信以及文教娱乐项目的消费上比农村家庭更富有弹性,城镇家庭的抗养老压力能力比农村家庭要强。     

研究生创新能力及其影响因素调查分析

创新能力的培养和提升是当前学术型研究生教育的核心任务,为制定合理科学的培养模式和培养机制,本文通过对500名学术型研究生的调查结果,在对当前研究生的创新能力和特征进行分析总结的基础上,对创新不足的成因进行了分析,大多数研究生认为导师和社会实践及其培养模式对其创新能力起到了至关重要的作用,而当前导师队伍的良莠不齐,社会实践活动及其培养模式的单调是阻碍研究生创新能力提升的主要因素。     

Determinants of a restaurant average meal price: An application of the hedonic pricing model

This study applies the hedonic pricing model to examine important attributes influencing average customer meal prices in restaurants in Seoul, Korea. Data from 185 restaurants were collected via Internet, phone interviews, site inspections, and ZAGAT Survey, and analyzed using OLS regression. The log-linear model was found to be most suitable for the data, and the proposed hedonic model accounted for as much as 73.7% of the variation in meal prices. The results indicate that food quality and décor were important determinants of restaurants’ average meal prices while service was not. Furthermore, the study found that a restaurant's location within the building (1st floor), the types of cuisine served (Japanese and Italian), parking facilities, private dining settings, franchising, and the number of blogger reviews (e-WOM) have significant effects on restaurants’ average meal prices. The model will provide useful information for restaurateurs in deciding effective menu pricing strategies.     

合约实施制度与国际贸易文献综述

本文围绕制度和贸易主题,从新制度经济学的视角,对非正式合约实施制度与国际贸易;正式合约实施制度与贸易流量;合约制度与比较优势三个层面的相关最新文献做了梳理,突出了合约实施问题对于一国贸易规模和内生比较优势形成的重要性。