Importance of residents’ perception of tourists in establishing a reciprocal resident-tourist relationship: An application of tourist attractiveness

This study was guided by the notion of tourist attractiveness to understand residents' perception of tourists in establishing a reciprocal resident-tourist relationship. To explore the concept of reciprocity and how it is associated with tourist attractiveness, this study adopted an exploratory sequential mixed-method approach in the context of Chinese tourists visiting Jeju Island, South Korea. Findings from semi-structured interviews indicate that residents' perception of reciprocity can be conceptualized and measured through the constructs of resident satisfaction and resident commitment. Further, structural equation modeling found that residents are more satisfied and likely to be committed to the relationship with tourists when these visitors are perceived as attractive partners. The results demonstrate a mechanism for explaining how the residents’ perceptions of tourists influence their satisfaction with tourists and intention to host, market, or attract them again in the future.     

The effects of personal information management capabilities and social-psychological factors on accounting professionals’ knowledge-sharing intentions: Pre and post COVID-19

Given the increased emphasis on individual factors in knowledge management research, this study proposes a research model that examines the effects of personal information management capabilities and social-psychological factors on the knowledge-sharing intention of accounting professionals. The survey results from 136 accounting professionals reveal that both personal information management capabilities and perceived image can positively influence knowledge-sharing behavior. Conversely, reciprocity and loss of knowledge power do not exhibit a significant role in knowledge-sharing intentions. The comparison analyses between pre- and post-COVID-19 sample groups indicate similar results for the hypothesized relationships while there are notable mean differences in knowledge sharing intention, image and information processing capabilities. This study extends current research by incorporating personal information management capabilities to examine the power of the “individual” in knowledge sharing and offers timely evidence of accounting professionals’ personal knowledge management practices during the period of COVID-19. This study raises implications for researchers and practitioners interested in knowledge management in the accounting profession.     

Intrinsic and instrumental reciprocity: An experimental study

In the context of an indefinitely repeated veto game, we devise an experiment to distinguish between alternative explanations of generous behavior (accepting negative payoffs): altruism, intrinsic backward-looking reciprocity, and instrumental forward-looking reciprocity. Our results are broadly consistent with the hypothesis that observed sacrifices are motivated by equilibrium selfish, forward-looking reciprocal behavior although we find a more subtle way in which past kindness affects behavior.     

The labor supply of fixed-wage workers: Estimates from a real effort experiment

Fixed-wage workers comprise the bulk of the labor force and yet little is known about how they respond to changes in their wage. Given recent interest in theories of reciprocity and intrinsic motivation and their implications for effort provision, the neoclassical prediction seems less obvious today. To better understand the motivation of these workers, I estimate their labor supply using a real effort experiment. Two results stand out. First, no one theory seems to fit the pooled data. On average, people work considerably harder than the minimum but they do not respond to changes in the wage. Second, pooling the data is deceptive because there seem to be distinct types with differing responses to the wage. Most workers can be classified as reciprocal or intrinsically motivated and, indeed, these types respond as theory would predict: reciprocators return wage gifts with increased effort and extrinsic incentives crowd out motivation for intrinsic workers.     

When do investors forgive entrepreneurs for lying?

A growing literature suggests that some entrepreneurs lie to investors in order to improve the likelihood of acquiring resources needed for firm survival and growth. We propose a framework outlining the conditions that may enable an investor who has been told a lie by an entrepreneur to respond with forgiveness rather than by withdrawing from the relationship. Integrating the literatures on evolutionary psychology, forgiveness, and stakeholder theory we argue that investor's appraisals of expected relationship value and expected exploitation risk are the key antecedents to an investor's decision to forgive an entrepreneur's lie.     

Countertrade

Abstract

Countertrade is a generic term for parallel business transactions linking sales contracts with agreements to purchase goods or services. Various forms of countertrade all have one common feature-reciprocity. Countertrade has been viewed as an inefficient and cumbersome way of doing business primarily because of problems associated with (1) Disposing of products accepted as part of the deal, (2) Quality variations and (3) Negotiation process and resulting increase in transaction costs. A review of the International Trade literature indicates that market imperfections (shortage of convertible currency, information asymmetry that may create the so-called lemon problem and moral hazard) provide a motivation for countertrade. This article looks at the economic rationalization for countertrade. Since the widespread existence of countertrade, particularly in North-South and in East-West trade, is somewhat of a puzzle, one explanation that is often proposed in the literature is that liquidity constraints might force firms to engage in countertrade (particularly barter). The article compares and contrasts two strategies facing the management team of a profit maximizing firm. The standard neoclassical mathematical model developed shows that countertrade strategy may be superior to standard money-mediated trade strategy when there is liquidity shortage. Therefore, countertrade (particularly, buy-back, counterpurchase and offset) may be a rational response to conditions that restrict standard trade. As such, countertrade can supplement standard money-mediated trade and contribute to the growth of international business.     

Reciprocated unilateralism in trade policy

Using the menu-auction approach to endogenous determination of tariffs and allowing additionally for lobby formation itself to be endogenous, this paper analyzes the impact of unilateral trade liberalization by one country on its partner's trade policies. We find that such unilateral liberalization may induce reciprocal tariff reductions by the partner country. Intuitively, unilateral liberalization by one country has the effect of increasing the incentives for the export lobby in the partner country to form and to lobby effectively against the import-competing lobby there for lower protection.     

Inequity aversion and trustees' reciprocity in the trust game

The introduction of inequity concerns into the Trust Game gives rise to complementary concepts of conditional trustworthiness and unconditional untrustworthiness. When the inequity concern is not accounted for, unconditional untrustworthiness is overestimated. The high proportion of trustees adopting the equal division behavioural norm suggests that an unequal distribution of show-up fees may deter trustors from placing trust, and may eventually reduce the incentive to cooperate for both players. It also follows that increases in income inequality can explain declines in self-reported trust in high-income countries.     

Personality-Relatedness and Reciprocity framework for analyzing retailer-consumer interactions

The article introduces four relational models from the social sciences that are relevant for classifying retailer-consumer interactions. Similarities between the relational models are identified and two continuous relational dimensions-personality-relatedness and reciprocity-are derived. The personality-relatedness dimension defines the degree to which consumers place importance on the retailer’s personality (values and culture); reciprocity describes the degree to which consumers place importance on comparative outcomes (the difference between the consumer’s and the retailer’s outcomes). The two relational dimensions establish the Personality-Relatedness and Reciprocity (PRR) framework—a relational framework suitable for analyzing a wide variety of retailer-consumer interactions. The framework informs propositions for future research. The article discusses theoretical contributions and managerially relevant implications of the PRR framework.     

Fairness, errors and the power of competition

In this paper, we investigate the effects of competition on bargained outcomes. We show that the neglect of either fairness concerns or decision errors will prevent a satisfactory understanding of how competition affects bargaining. We conducted experiments which demonstrate that introducing a small amount of competition to a bilateral ultimatum game – by adding just one competitor – induces large behavioral changes among responders and proposers, causing large changes in accepted offers. Models that assume that all people are self-interested and fully rational do not adequately explain these changes. We show that a model which combines heterogeneous fairness concerns with decision errors correctly predicts the comparative static effects of changes in competition. Moreover, the combined model is remarkably good at predicting the entire distribution of offers in many different competitive situations.