国有企业公司化改制中的“内部人控制”问题与企业家成长

国有企业公司化改制中的“内部人控制”问题的实质是企业经理人员在激励和约束不对称的条件下,企业家的行为扭曲。他们将自己的创新能力从市场的开拓和产品的开发等创新活动中转移到寻找制度的漏洞,利用制度的不完全性和改革的不彻底性,侵占国有资产。因此,国企改制的目的,就是要矫正企业家行为,为企业家的成长设计出相应的激励和约束机制。其中财产抵押制、年薪制和股票期权制在整合国有资产与企业家利益中具有极为重要的作用。     

杭州旅游企业家(经理人)队伍现状研究

创建旅游经济强市(省、区、县)的关键要素之一是培育一批旅游企业家队伍。该文对杭州市的旅游企业家进行了问卷调查,分析了杭州市旅游企业家、旅游经理人队伍的现状,评述了杭州旅游行业的创业环境。     

The Relationship of Ethical Decision-Making to Business Ethics and Performance in Taiwan

This paper examines the relationship of ethical decision-making by individuals to corporate business ethics and organizational performance of three groups: (i) SMEs (small and medium enterprises), (ii) Outstanding SMEs (the Key Stone Award winners) and (iii) Large Enterprises, in order to provide a reference for Taiwanese entrepreneurs to practice better business ethics. The survey method involved random sampling of 132 enterprises within three groups. Some 524 out of 1320 questionnaires were valid. The survey results demonstrated that ethical decision-making by individuals, corporate business ethics and organizational performance are highly related. In summary, then, high levels of organizational performance were directly attributable to high levels of applied corporate and individual ethics. Furthermore, there is a demonstrable tendency for Outstanding SMEs to reject ethically unsound practices such as padded expense accounts, tax evasion and misleading advertising. The measurement criteria used to assess organizational performance, however, did not include an objective evaluation of financial performance.     

企业家口碑语言与企业家形象的关系

语言对传递信念和态度起着重要的决定性作用。文章基于语言类别模型理论(LCM),将企业家口碑的语言传播类型区分为具体传播和抽象传播两种类型,探讨和检验了它们如何影响消费者对企业家形象的评价和消费者对传播者态度的感知。研究结果表明,这两种语言传播类型对企业家形象和消费者的感知态度均发挥不同的影响,并且随着企业家口碑效价的不同而存在显著差异。这些发现对于指导企业家后台和前台化行为与营销沟通都有积极意义。     

Entrepreneurs and internationalization: A study of Western immigrants in an emerging market

Our interview-based study began as an investigation of Westerners residing in Vietnam. Our sample fell into three groups: local expatriates, expatriate entrepreneurs, and hybrids (those who worked for a multinational while owning a local company). Based on this finding, we re-examined the data to explore expatriates as employers. Two themes emerged. The first revealed expatriate entrepreneurs and hybrids as active market players who were competitors for local talent and/or potential local distributors or partners in Vietnam. The second theme indicated a parallel process: the internationalization of firms entering a foreign market and the internationalization of individuals entering that same market. Our contribution is the opening of the ‘homogeneous’ black box of Western immigrants and the expansion of the concept of the expatriate entrepreneur, thus reinserting the role of the individual in the process of firm internationalization.     

Institutional environment quality and the longevity of billionaire entrepreneurs

Using self-made billionaire entrepreneurs in China as a proxy for large entrepreneurs, we examine the impact of institutional environment quality on the longevity of such entrepreneurs. While property rights institutions and contracting institutions are important in explaining macroeconomic growth and small firm growth, we find no evidence that they matter to the longevity of billionaire entrepreneurs. However, we find access to finance to be important to the longevity of billionaire entrepreneurs. Our results help better understand the relative importance of various institutional environment forces to the continuous success of billionaire entrepreneurs.     

Argonauts and Icaruses: Social networks and dynamics of nascent international entrepreneurs

Drawing on Bourdieu’s theory of practice, we consider internationalization as a process of field crossing and apply this framework to nascent international entrepreneurs. The analysis of 37 interviews with French entrepreneurs, managers, and support providers in China allows identifying two types of international entrepreneurs: (1) “Fallen Icaruses”, unable to incorporate and exhibit a global habitus and who fall back to the home field, and (2) “Global Argonauts”, incorporating and exhibiting a global habitus and who proceed with internationalization. Our findings show that social networks can be hostile to newcomers and that incumbents in those networks first assess newcomers’ “compatibility”. We posit that the success of international initiatives by entrepreneurs depends on their ability to cross and fit into different “fields”, and to develop various forms of social relationships in those fields.     

新时代民营经济企业家队伍建设：经验成效、当前问题及可能的突破方向

在复杂的国际局势下，虽然民营企业近期发展受挫，但民营企业家队伍仍是推动国家经济持续前行的关键支柱。首先，基于钻石模型剖析十八大以来我国民营企业家队伍在蓬勃发展等四个方面取得的显著成果。其次，利用三角模型对民营企业家队伍建设中的三大问题进行了系统的分析与诊断。最后，从强化民营企业家队伍政治性等六个维度出发，为民营企业家队伍建设提出了具体建议。     

From grassroots to international markets: A qualitative study of marginalized entrepreneurs in India

Much of the growing literature on international entrepreneurship focuses on how positive circumstances, such as having prior international experience, business networks, or formal institutions lead to international entrepreneurial action and overlooks the role more challenging circumstances might play. In this study, we extend and refine challenge-based entrepreneurship theory to explore what influences international entrepreneurial action undertaken by marginalized entrepreneurs in an emerging economy. Despite widening economic and social disparities in emerging economies, little is known about entrepreneurs who have traditionally been “left behind.” Our findings suggest that these marginalized entrepreneurs have not only a set of liabilities but also advantages, including creative problem solving and perseverance, as well as local knowledge and networks. To spur the first-person international opportunity belief associated with international entrepreneurial action, an intermediary with resources and networks is needed to offset the liabilities. These intermediaries act as gatekeepers, helping some marginalized entrepreneurs but holding back others.     

创业家与产业集聚：一个文献综述

创业家对产业集聚的形成有着极为重要的作用，学者们已经从不同的视角对此进行研究。在文献梳理的基础上，首先将创业家对产业集聚的影响归纳为示范效应、知识溢出效应和创业家社会网络效应三方面，然后就创业家对产业集聚的理论模型进行评述，最后，在指出现有研究不足的基础上对未来研究进行展望。