Skill Accumulation in the Search Unemployment Model

ABSTRACT

I analyze general skill accumulation (training) and its financing among labor market entrants in a search unemployment equilibrium. Becker's general skill finance rule is modified for a search economy: although skill accumulation is associated with a hold-up problem, since it benefits future job vacancies which workers expect to be matched with, if vacancies direct their search to workers of different skill levels, workers internalize this externality. An extended model analyzes whether to accumulate skills through training or education. Small differences in the relative cost of acquiring education can lead to large differences in skill levels in the labor market.     

Employee images of risk

Risk perception and risk judgements are interesting because they may influence behaviour as well as decision making related to hazards. Risk perception consists of a rational as well as an emotional component. In the present study the rational and affective components of perceived risk were measured separately and the hypothesis that they may be related differently to risk behaviour was tested. In 1997 and 1998 a self-completion questionnaire survey was carried out among employees at 14 plants within the industrial company Norsk Hydro. The plants belonged to several divisions within the company. A total of 814 respondents replied to the questionnaire. Structural equation modelling was used to test models aimed at determining the relations between risk perception and behaviour. The affective component of risk perception and risk behaviour was found to be independent variables. The rational component seemed to have a significant, however small, effect on behaviour. Acceptability of rule violations was the most important predictor, probably because acceptability also was associated with how often the respondents took chances and broke safety rules. The models explained about 50 per cent of the variance in risk behaviour.     

广告主与搜索引擎的双向博弈分析

文章基于萨缪尔森的双向叫价博弈模型,对关键词广告拍卖中的一类特殊情形进行研究—某些关键词广告的拍卖中只有一个广告主进行竞价。假设买方的估价是广告主的私有信息,而广告位的成本也是搜索引擎的私有信息,建立一个广告主和搜索引擎的双向叫价非完全信息贝叶斯博弈模型。在假设双方的报价策略均是自己估价的线性函数的条件下,求解了使广告主和搜索引擎收益最大化的贝叶斯纳什均衡,给出了广告主和搜索引擎的均衡报价策略,分析了拍卖能够达成时双方交易的效率,并得到了效率最高时双方的最优出价策略及最高效率。当广告主和搜索引擎第一次博弈不能达成交易时,双方会通过多次重复谈判和协商,经过多轮的重复报价序贯博弈达成最终交易,给出了双方序贯博弈的均衡报价策略;还给出了拍卖序贯博弈的交易流程图和一些数值算例。研究结果对广告主和搜索引擎的报价策略提供了理论参考依据。     

The role of desire in understanding intentions to drink responsibly: an application of the Model of Goal-Directed Behaviour

Abstract

This study models young people’s moderate drinking decision-making using the Model of Goal-Directed Behaviour (MGB), thus presenting insights into young people’s desires and intentions to drink responsibly. Testing the applicability of the MGB to quantitatively analyse responsible drinking, the explanatory sphere of the MGB is extended. An online survey resulted in 1522 completed questionnaires from respondents aged between 18 and 25 years. Collected data were analysed with structural equation modelling (SEM) using SPSS AMOS21 (IBM, New York, NY, USA) software. The key finding of this study is that an individual’s desire to drink moderately is the most important predictor of young people’s responsible drinking intentions. Our use of MGB provides further evidence that there is a strong distinction between consumer desires and intentions.     

政府参与如何通过企业外部知识搜索提高创新绩效

在开放式创新背景下,基于制度观视角,以2008-2011中国科技部数据库中400多家创新型企业为样本,考察政府参与在企业外部知识搜索对创新绩效影响过程中的调节机制。双向固定效应的估计结果表明,政府参与主要通过知识渠道正向调节企业外部知识搜索对创新绩效的促进作用。进一步分析政治关联程度对企业创新的差异化影响发现,隶属于较高层级政府的国有企业和具有政治关联的非国有企业更易获得广泛的政治资源,从而实现更好的创新绩效。实证结果表明,中国创新驱动战略的实施可以从有效配置政府创新资源方面着手,促进企业通过外部知识搜索实现创新绩效提升。     

约束满足与邻域搜索结合的混合算法及应用

总结约束满足求解技术和邻域搜索算法,分析约束满足与邻域搜索单一算法的优劣,以及两者结合的优势,提出约束满足与邻域搜索相结合的混合算法的一般框架,并以Job Shop调度优化问题为例对该算法框架进行实例说明。     

The relationship between risk attitudes and heuristics in search tasks: A laboratory experiment

Experimental studies of search behavior suggest that individuals stop searching earlier than the optimal, risk-neutral stopping rule predicts. Two different classes of decision rules could generate this behavior: rules that are optimal conditional on utility functions departing from risk neutrality, or heuristics derived from limited cognitive processing capacities and satisficing. To discriminate between these possibilities, we conducted an experiment that consists of a search task as well as a lottery task designed to elicit utility functions. We find that search heuristics are not related to measures of risk aversion, but to measures of loss aversion.     

The Effect of Online Shopping Platform Strategies on Search,Display, and Membership Revenues

Most online shopping platform firms generate revenue from three sources: pay-per-click search advertising, pay-per-impression display advertising, and membership fees. The strategies that influence these revenue sources typically are studied individually, rather than in a holistic fashion. In response, this study uses time-series data with 18 million buyers and sellers from 2010 to 2011 and undertakes a quasi-experiment to analyze how the distinct effects of buyer- and seller-side strategies on revenues (1) vary across all three revenue sources and (2) depend differentially on a platform’s upmarket repositioning strategy. The results show that buyers that purchase through direct traffic (e.g., typing in the site address) yield more display advertising and membership fee revenues than those gained through organic traffic (e.g., landing from a search engine). Engagement strategies that appeal to established sellers (i.e., value-added services) yield more search advertising and membership revenue than those that appeal to new sellers (i.e., social forums). An upmarket repositioning strategy (i.e., eliminating low quality sellers) enhances the revenue effects of buyer traffic generation and seller engagement strategies. Post hoc analyses suggest that a 1% increase in direct traffic generates an additional $151,506 in display advertising revenue after (vs. before) the repositioning.     

Labor market dynamics in urban China and the role of the state sector

This paper studies the effect of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) on the dynamics of the Chinese urban labor market. Using longitudinally matched monthly panel data, we document very low labor force dynamics in the state sector, which leads to a high long-term unemployment rate. We develop and estimate an equilibrium search and matching model with three differences between the state and non-state sectors: labor productivity, labor adjustment cost, and workers’ bargaining power. Counterfactual analysis shows that, among the three channels, reducing the bargaining power of state sector workers is most effective in reducing unemployment duration and unemployment rate.     

战略联盟伙伴选择、知识搜索与联盟创新绩效关系

战略联盟伙伴选择作为联盟形成的源头,既是管理联盟企业关系的关键,又是提升联盟绩效的核心。为从源头剖析联盟创新绩效影响因素,依据资源依赖理论,从战略导向视角出发,以长三角地区战略联盟企业调研数据为实证依据,构建并验证了战略联盟伙伴选择、知识搜索与联盟创新绩效间的理论框架。研究结果表明:①战略联盟伙伴选择的二元导向性（关系导向的联盟伙伴选择与市场导向的联盟伙伴选择）对联盟创新绩效有显著正向影响;②知识搜索（搜索宽度与搜索深度）在战略联盟伙伴选择与联盟创新绩效关系中起部分中介作用。该研究结果有助于厘清战略联盟伙伴选择二元导向性影响联盟创新绩效的作用机理,并为我国企业基于战略整体性选择合适的联盟伙伴提供理论依据与实践指导。