外部知识流动对新产品创造力的影响：外部搜寻权变视角

将知识观与组织学习理论、搜寻理论构建关联,着重回答外部知识流动如何影响新产品创造力这一问题。采用多元回归分析和Bootstrapping多重中介分析方法,对264家制造企业的问卷调研数据进行实证分析。结果表明：技巧交流除对新产品创造力存有直接促进作用外,还通过探索学习这一中介机制产生促进作用,而应用学习的中介作用并不显著;技术转移主要通过探索学习的中介作用直接或间接积极影响新产品创造力;搜寻宽度在技巧交流对新产品创造力、探索和应用学习的影响过程中具有显著的调控作用,搜寻深度则对技术转移与新产品创造力、探索学习关系间发挥正向调节作用。研究结论拓展了知识观视角下新产品开发的研究成果,丰富了搜寻理论的权变视角研究。     

The role of institutional arbitrage in the search for product innovation: Firm level evidence from Norway

Evolutionary theorizing conceptualizes the discovery of new products as a successful outcome from searching for innovation in which firms combine new and old knowledge and resources. Prior research has shown that the propensity for discovering new products is greatest when firms cross a technological and/or organizational boundary in the search for new knowledge. In this paper, we add a new dimension to this literature: we examine whether, and to what extent, crossing a national boundary, as when firms use knowledge from network partners in foreign countries, influences the likelihood that firms will introduce new products into the market. Drawing on theorizing on institutional arbitrage in the literature on national innovation systems (NIS) and varieties of capitalism (VOC), we propose that companies that cross a national boundary in searching for innovation are significantly more likely to introduce new products. Detailed survey data on firms; data on their network partners, including their location; and regression analysis show that the use of knowledge from actors in foreign NIS has a positive influence on product innovation.     

失业保险,道德风险与激励机制研究

在简化的Lucas—Prescott（1974）的模型基础上,本文说明了失业保险中失业保险金对搜寻努力存在着负效用,并分别就无失业保险、完全失业保险、不完全失业保险、失业保险金过低等四种情况,分析了道德风险的产生机制以及克服道德风险的激励机制。针对失业保险中的道德风险问题,本文提出了相应的政策建议：失业期内单调下降的失业保险金支付方法,征收失业保险税或奖励再就业,对失业工人的搜寻努力进行监督和惩罚,执行劳动福利计划等。     

Information provision and consumer search behavior for products with asymmetric uncertainty

When selling multiple products with asymmetric uncertainty, should the seller disclose product information so that customers do not have to incur any cost to resolve their uncertainties; if so, which product should the seller choose? To address these questions, we consider a monopolist selling two substitutable products to a group of consumers. Each consumer has asymmetric uncertainty regarding the two products. A total of four different information provision structures are considered based on whether the seller discloses information about each product with the aim of determining which strategy provides the seller with the greatest revenue. We derive several interesting results. First, the optimal information provision strategy depends on the magnitude of uncertainty in relation to the product with lower uncertainty. Specifically, if the uncertainty regarding the product with lower uncertainty is sufficiently small, it is optimal for the seller to provide information about the product with higher uncertainty, otherwise, the seller should provide information about both products. Second, when only one product's information should be revealed, it is optimal for the seller to choose the product with higher uncertainty and charge a higher price. Third, withholding information on both products is never optimal for the seller. Finally, our main model is extended by examining the Mean-Preserving Spread setting, and the robustness of our main results is confirmed. Furthermore, we examine the situation in which a monopolist sells a single product with two main attributes. We find that each of the four information provision strategies can be optimal under various scenarios.     

Genetic distance and intra-national variation in preferences and behaviours

This paper investigates the relationship between genetic distance and intra-national variation in preferences and behaviours in the Chinese context. We focus on three categories of representative and fundamental preferences—risk, time, and social preferences—and related behaviours. The results suggest that genetic distance is positively related to the differences in risk, time, and social preferences. Furthermore, genetic distance is positively related to the differences in associated economic behaviours, including the differences in entrepreneurship, saving behaviour, cooperative behaviour, and prosocial behaviour. In general, an increase in one standard deviation of genetic distance is associated with an increase in differences in preferences and behaviours by 3–18 % of a standard deviation.     

Do NBFCs propagate real shocks?

Notwithstanding a smaller share of total loans vis-à-vis commercial banks, we investigate a possible role of Non-banking financial companies (NBFCs) in propagating a real shock to the rest of the economy. Our two-sector model captures emerging economy characteristics such as NBFC borrowings from commercial banks, heterogeneities in financial constraints, and labour market friction faced by firms. Our theoretical and simulation results, using Indian parameters, indicate that an idiosyncratic shock (i.e., higher realization of the failed firms) and a sectoral productivity shock (in the sector financed by NBFCs) increase the interest rate charged by the banks, and the unemployment rate while reducing the real wages and per capita capital formation. However, the reverse happens given a structural shock, assumed as an increase in the average number of failed firms. Early detection of such shocks and quick policy intervention are required to provide a cushion for capital formation and job creation.     

Does ICT create a new driving force for manufacturing?—Evidence from Chinese manufacturing firms

The Internet has changed the global economic landscape. In particular, the fast-changing Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has directly led to a far-reaching impact on the production and operation of firms. Many previous studies have discussed the relationship of ICT and the total factor productivity (TFP) of firms, but failed to reach a consistent conclusion. This paper, based on the data of Chinese listed manufacturing firms from 2010 to 2019, explores the impact of ICT on manufacturing firms' TFP and its mechanism, and concludes that ICT have positive correlation with the TFP of manufacturing firms. According to the estimated results of this paper, TFP will increase by about 1.8 % for every 1 % of additional ICT investment. Through channel analysis, this paper finds that the positive effect can be achieved through the following four channels: cutting information search costs, enhancing information processing capabilities, reducing internal capital misallocation, and promoting R&D efficiency. This paper is a supplement to research on firm TFP, provides new micro-evidence for exploring the relationship between ICT and TFP of manufacturing firms, and brings important implications for understanding the role of ICT in firm production activities.     

企业外部知识搜寻多维结构与创新质量关系研究

以63家美国医药上市企业和173家中国医药上市企业发明专利为样本，研究企业多维知识搜寻结构与创新质量的关系。结果表明：①不同搜寻结构对企业创新质量的影响存在差异性，尤其是同时沿着多个维度进行远距离知识搜寻能够显著提高企业创新质量；②各维度远距离搜寻对创新质量的影响不同，在中美医药企业之间也存在一定差异；③对美国医药企业而言，知识搜寻的3个维度对创新质量的影响程度依次为认知维度>时间维度>地理维度，而中国医药企业则是认知维度>地理维度>时间维度。