Patterns of technological specialisation in Latin American and East Asian countries: an analysis of patents and trade flows

This article provides an extensive analysis of the technological specialisation of three Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil and Mexico) and two East Asian countries (South Korea and Taiwan). Technological specialisation is measured both with respect to patents and trade flows. This article provides different measures of technological specialisation: Ricardian and Smithian specialisation indexes and the contribution to trade balance. These indicators provide a new picture of the evolution of the patterns of technological specialisation. Latin American countries show a divergent technological specialisation from East Asian countries, since the 1970s. In particular, Latin American countries display weaknesses in computers and communications and electrical and electronic sectors and their specialisation in fast growing technological classes is declining, in contrast to East Asian countries. While East Asian countries have shifted to specialised supplier or science-based sectors, Latin American countries have increased their trade specialisation in supplier-dominated or scale-intensive sectors.     

INTER AND INTRA FIRM DIFFUSION OF ICT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM (UK) AND SWITZERLAND (CH) AN INTERNATIONALLY COMPARATIVE STUDY BASED ON FIRM-LEVEL DATA

This paper examines the effect of participation in government-sponsored R&;D consortia on the R&;D productivity of firms in the case of robot technology in Japan. We attempt to provide a new empirical analysis and discussions on the issue of government project evaluation by investigating the impact of the evolution of government programs, and to compare government-sponsored R&;D consortia with collaborative R&;D among firms. Using indicators of the quality of patents, which enables us to provide an estimation of quality-adjusted research productivity, we find that participation in government programs has a positive impact on the research productivity of participating firms. Moreover, the impact of participation became much higher after the design of government programs in this field changed in the late 1990s. Also, we find that participation in government-sponsored consortia has a greater impact on research productivity than participation in collaborative R&;D among firms. This may support government involvement in R&;D as a coordinator of R&;D collaboration.     

The sources of innovations – looking beyond technological opportunities*

The concept ‘technological opportunity’ has been coined to capture the vitality of the underlying sciences and technologies as the sources of technical progress that firms draw upon during innovation. Nonetheless, less attention has been paid to the fact that the commercialisation of technical progress through innovations also depends on the ability to assimilate a range of other sources of innovations, related less to the sciences and technologies and more to characteristics of the market and broader environment in which firms innovate. This paper focuses on the sectoral diversity in such sources, and on the ways in which they are assimilated and turned into commercialised innovations. The paper contributes to the extant literature by drawing on a unique survey data on Finnish innovations. The results both confirm and also challenge, and further elaborate on certain ‘stylised facts’ on the relationships between technological opportunities and the sources of innovation across sectors.     

探索农村食品消费结构的转变规律——一个嵌入时间路径的LA/AIDS模型的应用

本文在总结国内外文献的基础上,利用一个嵌入时间路径的LA/AIDS模型,探索了农村居民食品消费结构的转变规律。结果显示,农村居民食品的消费结构发生了渐进式转变,其转变期为1984～1987年。从需求弹性值变化来看,粮食一直是必需品,其弹性值变化不大,消费量逐年下降;肉类从奢侈品转变为必需品,发生了本质的变化,其消费量逐年上升;水产品仍是富于弹性的奢侈品,但其弹性值逐渐下降,并趋于必需品。     

人民币汇率与我国通货膨胀的传递效应研究*--基于结构突变的阈值协整理论分析

本文基于不完全汇率传递理论,结合当前我国宏观经济运行特点,运用结构突变的协整方法,对人民币汇率与我国通货膨胀水平之间的价格传递效应进行研究。长期来看,人民币汇率变动对物价水平的传递效应在2008年10月和2010年5月出现了两次结构性变化;汇率传递系数的符号也在2008年10月份出现变化,由此前的负向传递突变为正向传递。短期来看,人民币汇率变动对物价水平的传递存在着非对称性的短期动态调整过程,并且表现出典型的“缓升陡降”型周期波动。     

民间投资、环境规制与绿色技术创新

民间投资作为政府投资的重要补充,为企业绿色技术创新提供越来越多的资金支持,对激发企业创新活力具有重要作用。为进一步引导和鼓励民间投资,以环境规制为中介变量,运用Stata15.0软件和Matlab2016软件,基于长江经济带11省市1999-2016年民间投资和绿色技术创新相关数据,在K阶近邻空间权重矩阵下建立空间杜宾模型。结果显示,长江经济带各地区绿色技术创新呈现显著空间集聚效应;单一的民间投资对技术创新有一定促进作用,但因民间投资目前主要集中在产业低端,与环境规制结合时并未有效促进绿色技术创新。为此,应营造良好的投资环境,促进民间投资有效供给;建立环境倒逼机制,引导民间投资健康发展;发挥区域协同效应,促进绿色技术创新,实现经济高质量发展。     

发展型国家自主创新战略的起源与形态

在创新战略方面,中日两国的主要差异之一在于自主创新在两国政策话语体系中的地位与自主创新在两国实践中的地位之间存在两种性质不同的反差:在日本,自主创新并不是显要的政策议题,却是企业实践的基调;在中国,自主创新即使在2005年之前也存在于政策话语体系之中,却没有成为企业实践的主轴。这样的两种反差反映出两国的创新战略具有不同的制度环境和技术基础。我国自主创新战略的设计应该将制度环境和技术基础的影响纳入考量之中。     

科技中介:高校科技成果转化的桥梁和纽带

在高校科技成果转化过程中,科技转化中介机构是联结高校、企业和市场的桥梁和纽带,对促进科技与经济的互动,加速科技成果市场化、产业化具有重要作用。完善科技成果转化中介服务机制,对搭建科技成果转化交流沟通平台,促进我国高校科技成果转化具有重要意义。     

中国气候变化的影响与应对历程

气候变化对人类社会的生存和发展带来严重挑战。未来气候变暖的趋势加剧,中国是最易受气候变化不利因素影响的国家,正经历气候变化带来的一系列问题。中国努力建设生态文明,为应对气候变化的不利影响进行了不懈努力。     

区域金融中心形成理论与青岛区域金融中心建设的战略选择刍议

区域金融中心是以经济区域为基础而形成的资金融通和聚散的枢纽,具有一定经济或政治影响力。具有大量和高质量信息的中心城市应该构建区域金融中心。区位优势、经济发展水平、金融活动的广度和水平、地方政策的作用力等是影响区域金融中心建设的主要因素。青岛在区域金融中心建设过程中存在着目标定位和发展思路不能从根本上提升青岛区域金融发展的实力、采取的主要举措针对性不强和个别关键性政策性措施不到位等战略性问题,需要通过调整目标定位和发展思路、有针对性地调整主要举措和补充完善关键性政策措施等对策予以解决。