市场推进技术创新、专利、标准协同转化路径分析

为冲破国际竞争旧格局,行之有效的方法是采用技术创新成果专利化-专利标准化-标准垄断化模式,这是新一轮国际竞争的主要路径之一,在市场层面上做好文章是我国企业参与全球技术标准竞争的有效策略之一。从技术、市场、对象重要度3个维度,提炼出市场推进技术创新、专利、标准协同转化的4种模式,并分析每种模式的典型特征、作用机理和实施条件,可为企业完善和加速协同转化进程提供策略与建议。     

我国科技风险议题设置的行政法反思

科技风险议题设置是科技风险规制活动的起始,关涉科技风险规制资源投入方向与力度,影响特定行政相对人的权利损益。现行行政主导型科技风险议题设置模式存在与依法行政、行政公正及权责一致原则相抵触的法治危机。风险认知因素、政治因素与法制因素成为科技风险议题设置模式法治危机的根源与内在作用力。我国科技风险议题设置的行政法规制可在考察美国与欧盟科技风险议题设置法律规定与实践的基础上,结合我国实际,重塑规制科技风险议题设置的理念基础,重构科技风险议题设置法制的基本原则,建构风险议题设置法制的主体性制度。     

高校科技成果转化效率测度分析与影响因素扎根研究

运用DEA-Malmquist指数评价模型对江苏省32所高校的科技成果转化效率进行了测度分析。研究发现：2009-2014年间高校科技成果产出与转化效率有显著提高,虽然成果产出是转化的基础,但产出并不必然实现转化,也不能决定转化成效;经济发达且科教资源密集区域高校的成果转化效率相对较高;地方高校相较985与211高校更具成果转化优势;工科类、综合类与农林类高校间的成果转化效率不具有显著差异,医药类高校的转化劣势较明显。最后,针对转化效率差异及影响因素进行了扎根研究,提取出3个核心范畴的影响因素,分别是国家政策、区域环境与组织行为。     

技术学习、管理学习对自主创新的影响——技术复杂性的调节作用

在国内外竞争日趋激烈的背景下,如何提高企业自主创新能力受到广泛关注。基于组织学习理论,构建了技术学习、管理学习、技术复杂性与自主创新之间的理论模型,并利用252家中国制造业企业调研数据对相关假设进行了检验。结果表明：技术学习对自主创新具有倒U型影响;管理学习对自主创新具有正向影响;技术学习与管理学习的交互效应对自主创新具有正向影响;技术复杂性会加强技术学习对自主创新的倒U型影响,削弱管理学习对自主创新的正向影响。     

新型数字基础设施能够推动产业结构升级吗——来自中国272个地级市的经验证据

人工智能、大数据、物联网等新一代信息技术的推广应用能够有效促进产业结构升级,为推动中国经济转型升级提供重要支撑。基于新型数字基础设施的技术创新效应、资源配置效应和消费升级效应,剖析新型数字基础设施影响产业结构升级的逻辑机理,并利用2007—2018年中国272个地级市面板数据进行实证检验。结果表明,新型数字基础设施能够显著促进产业结构升级,且经过一系列稳健性检验后仍然成立;新型数字基础设施通过促进技术创新,推动产业结构升级,资源配置的中介效应检验结果不稳健,消费升级表现为遮掩效应;新型数字基础设施对产业结构升级的影响具有城市异质性,在沿海城市和大中规模城市中,新型数字基础设施对产业结构升级的正向促进作用更加显著,市场化程度越高,其促进作用越显著。研究结论对更好地发挥新型数字基础设施对产业结构升级的促进作用具有重要政策启示。     

Technology variation vs. R&D uncertainty: What matters most for energy patent success?

R&D is an uncertain activity with highly skewed outcomes. Nonetheless, most recent empirical studies and modeling estimates of the potential of technological change focus on the average returns to research and development (R&D) for a composite technology and contain little or no information about the distribution of returns to R&D – which could be important for capturing the range of costs associated with climate change mitigation policies – by individual technologies. Through an empirical study of patent citation data, this paper adds to the literature on the outcomes of energy R&D by focusing on the behavior of the most successful innovations for six energy technologies, allowing us to determine whether uncertainty or differences in technologies matter most for success. We highlight two key results. First, we compare the results from an aggregate analysis of six energy technologies to technology-by-technology results. Our results show that existing work that assumes diminishing returns but assumes one generic technology is too simplistic and misses important differences between more successful and less successful technologies. Second, we use quantile regression techniques to learn more about patents that have a high positive error term in our regressions – that is, patents that receive many more citations than predicted based on observable characteristics. We find that differences across technologies, rather than differences across quantiles within technologies, are more important. The value of successful technologies persists longer than those of less successful technologies, providing evidence that success is the culmination of several advances building upon one another, rather than resulting from one single breakthrough. Diminishing returns to research activities appear most problematic during rapid increases of research investment, such as experienced by solar energy in the 1970s.     

Research,Innovation And Productivi[Ty: An Econometric Analysis At The Firm Level

This paper studies the links between productivity, innovation and research at the firm level. We introduce three new features: (i) A structural model that explains productivity by innovation output, and innovation output by research investment: (ii) New data on French manufacturing firms, including the number of European patents and the percentage share of innovative sales, as well as firm-level demand pull and technology push indicators; (iii) Econometric methods which correct for selectivity and simultaneity biases and take into account the statistical features of the available data: only a small proportion of firms engage in research activities and/or apply for patents; productivity, innovation and research are endogenously determined; research investment and capital are truncated variables, patents are count data and innovative sales are interval data.

We find that using the more widespread methods, and the more usual data and model specification, may lead to sensibly different estimates. We find in particular that simultaneity tends to interact with selectivity, and that both sources of biases must be taken into account together. However our main results are consistent with many of the stylized facts of the empirical literature. The probability of engaging in research (R&D) for a firm increases with its size (number of employees), its market share and diversification, and with the demand pull and technology push indicators. The research effort (R&D capital intensity) of a firm engaged in research increases with the same variables, except for size (its research capital being strictly proportional to size). The firm innovation output, as measured by patent numbers or innovative sales, rises with its research effort and with the demand pull and technology indicators, either directly or indirectly through their effects on research. Finally, firm productivity correlates positively with a higher innovation output, even when controlling for the skill composition of labor as well as for physical capital intensity.     

技术进步就业挤出效应的产业技术特征研究

在分析技术进步就业挤出效应作用机理的基础上,利用扩展的C-D生产函数模型对就业挤出效应进行测度推导,选取劳动密集度等5个变量对产业技术特征作描述性度量,在此基础上建立挤出效应的产业技术因素影响模型,利用我国制造业25个细分行业数据进行实证分析。结果显示,劳动密集度对就业挤出效应存在显著的负向影响,表明劳动密集型产业难以通过技术进步节约劳动力投入,进而为劳动密集型产业转移路径提供了理论参考依据。     

Can one laptop per child reduce digital inequalities? ICT household access patterns under Plan Ceibal

The study of information and communications technology (ICT) adoption signals that diffusion processes within highly unequal societies produce stratification in the access to digital technologies and thus, maintain or even increase previous socioeconomic disparities. While technological utopians believed that One Laptop Per Child (OLPC)-like programs could reduce societal inequalities, the economics literature evaluating these initiatives has mostly focused on student's human capital. Results suggest no impact, even for successful programs such as Uruguay's own OLPC-inspired Plan Ceibal. In this paper, we use an event-study approach to difference-indifferences to identify the impact of Plan Ceibal on the household adoption of technological goods across income quintiles. Our results show that Plan Ceibal helped to bridge domestic digital disparities in terms of access to PC and favored the uptake of internet services. We discuss the potential mechanisms behind these results. Regarding household PC access, even though Plan Ceibal was conceived as a universal program targeting primary-level students attending public schools, both infantilization of poverty and a dual-system educational stratification may explain why this initiative had a heterogenous impact across different income groups. Regarding household connectivity, Plan Ceibal reduced the cost of the bundle required to consume internet services at the time of the study, improving affordability and access among households with beneficiaries of the program.