中国农村的变革与农村金融体系的创新

正在行进中的中国农村制度的大改组进程,具有其历史必然性。是否能够把发展机遇转化为农民收益,并公平分摊变革成本,是对农村经济制度变革成效的检验。中国农村的发展,需要综合性的经济金融体制的变革,但对于农村经济金融体制变革的推动力度和进程安排,必须考虑农村经济对制度变革的承受能力,否则会适得其反。农民是农村金融体制变革的受体,也因为其最具备对农村金融体制变革的需求,而应该成为中国农村金融体制变革的核心动力。当然,政府是农村金融制度变迁过程中的不可或缺的重要力量。     

人民币汇率与我国通货膨胀的传递效应研究*--基于结构突变的阈值协整理论分析

本文基于不完全汇率传递理论,结合当前我国宏观经济运行特点,运用结构突变的协整方法,对人民币汇率与我国通货膨胀水平之间的价格传递效应进行研究。长期来看,人民币汇率变动对物价水平的传递效应在2008年10月和2010年5月出现了两次结构性变化;汇率传递系数的符号也在2008年10月份出现变化,由此前的负向传递突变为正向传递。短期来看,人民币汇率变动对物价水平的传递存在着非对称性的短期动态调整过程,并且表现出典型的“缓升陡降”型周期波动。     

湖南省支持R&D活动的财税政策研究

加强技术创新是湖南省加快发展,实现弯道超车的最有效途径.技术创新与政府的财税政策显著相关,R&D是技术创新的核心,因此,湖南省应该进一步优化财税激励机制,加大对R&D活动的支持力度,提高资金的利用效率.     

Technological change and institutional inertia: a game-theoretic approach

In this paper, we study a co-evolutionary model of economic change at two hierarchical levels. At the lower level, institutions are given and the focus is on how resources are allocated and innovation produced in response to the pay-off structure induced by prevailing institutions. At the higher level, it is the institutions themselves that change as the outcome of a process of social bargaining. The main objective of the paper is to study the interaction between these two levels of change, attempting to provide some insight on issues like technological/institutional divergence, technological dead-end, institutional inertia, etc.It appears that evolutionary economics must be the theory of a process of cultural growth as determined by the economic interest, a theory of a cumulative sequence of economic institutions stated in the terms of the process itself. Thorstein Veblen (1898, p. 393).This work was undertaken while the author was a Research Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Studies of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.     

Technological change under residual risk regulation: The case of coke ovens in the U.S. steel industry

An engineering-economic model is used within a dynamic setting to determine the least cost mix of investment and import activities as the U.S. steel industry faces successively tighter controls on coke oven emissions over the next 10 years. In response to Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) standards proposed for 1995, U.S. steel producers would likely export their toxic pollution by importing 6 million tons of coke per year. About 4 million tons of coke oven capacity is retrofit and about 1 million tons of annual coke consumption is replaced by new iron technologies, such as Corex. The Lowest Achievable Emission Rate (LAER) standards proposed for 1998 roughly double the coke oven retirements estimated to occur under MACT. Coke imports also are substantial but are no higher than under MACT because the additional time allows the industry to invest in more coke-saving blast furnaces and in new less toxic coke-making technologies, such as the Jewell process. The LAER standards in conjunction with higher capital costs, however, force coke imports to more than 8 million tons per year and sharply increase imports of semi-finished steel. Such a situation could exacerbate existing disputes on international steel trade.The authors are associate professor, instructor, and graduate student, respectively. This research was performed under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines Distinguished Young Scholar Award Administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities for the Bureau of Mines. Naturally, the usual disclaimer applies.     

Technical education in Scotland: Fit for purpose?

As Technical education strains to find a niche in the educational market place, are teachers suffering from a crisis of confidence? How comfortable are they with the ever-changing curriculum, with the subjects they are teaching and the reasons why they are teaching them? The broadening of the Technical curriculum in secondary schools to include Practical Craft Skills has proved popular with some teachers, while others perceive a drift back to a purely skills based curriculum along with a further deterioration of the status of Technical departments. This paper explores the present state of Technical Education in Scotland through the analysis of an online survey of 95 practising teachers and an investigation of employers’ entrance requirements for apprenticeships in the engineering and construction industries. The results indicate a degree of conflict among staff regarding the role of Technical education, coupled with limited recognition for Technical subjects among employers.     

VSD治疗四肢软组织缺损创面的医疗成本分析

目的:通过对负压封闭引流技术(VSD)与传统换药(CDC)两种方法治疗四肢软组织缺损创面医疗成本进行分析,为医疗医疗决策提供理论依据.方法:收集西安交通大学附属第一医院创伤整形科2008年1月至2011年6月期间收治入院的四肢软组织缺损创面患者共216例,VSD治疗者106例,CDC治疗者110例.通过比较两组病人治疗过程中提供医疗服务所需直接医疗费用,进行医疗成本分析.结果:VSD组住院总费用高于普通换药组;VSD组手术费用低于CDC组,特殊耗材费用VSD组高于CDC组;VSD组换药费用低于CDC组.结论:与传统换药相比,VSD治疗皮肤软组织缺损创面总成本相对较高,临床效果优于CDC组,成本效果比相对较低,具有很好的卫生经济学前景.     

中国农民收入分配趋势分析——基于随机占优分析

本文介绍了随机占优的概念及其在收入分配问题研究中的应用，给出了随机占优关系的检验方法并运用这一方法考察了10年来中国农民收入分布情况的变动，发现农民的平均收入水平和较高收入组的农民的比重都得到了提高，并且收入水平更加趋近而不是发散。     

Testing for the presence of some features of increasing returns to adoption factors in energy system dynamics: An analysis via the learning curve approach

The purpose of this paper is to explain the sources of energy system lock-in. It presents a comparative analysis of the respective contributions of some features of increasing returns to adoption factors, i.e. learning-by-doing, learning-by-searching and returns to scale effects in explaining the technological change dynamics in the energy system. The paper is technically based on a critical analysis of the learning curve approach. Econometric estimation of learning and scale effects inherent to seven energy technologies were performed by the use of several learning curve specifications. These specifications permit to deal with some crucial issues related to the learning curve estimation which are associated with the problem of omitted variable bias, the endogeneity effects and the choice of learning indicators. Results show that dynamic economies from learning effects coupled with static economies from scale effects are responsible for the lock-in phenomena of the energy system. They also show that the magnitude of such effects is correlated with the technology life cycle (maturity). In particular, results point out that, 1) the emerging technologies exhibit low learning rates associated with diseconomies of scale which are argued to be symptomatic of the outset of the deployment of new technologies characterized by diffusion barriers and high level of uncertainty, 2) the evolving technologies present rather high learning rates meaning that they respond quickly to capacity expansion and R&D activities development, 3) conventional mature technologies display low learning rates but increasing returns to scale implying that they are characterized by a limited additional diffusion prospects.