Environmental regulation and trade pattern：a case of China

As a growing number of countries, including both developed and developing countries, have in recent yearstaken environmental regulation at different levels, a question of great concern has been raised： can the regulation alterthe existing trade volume and trade pattern, and ultimately drive pollution-intensive industries to countries with low-levelregulations or even those without regulations at all？ Starting from the three different propositions concerning therelationship between environmental regulation and trade pattern, this paper applies cointegration analysis and errorcorrection model to empirically testing the relationship between environmental regulation and trade in China during theperiod of 1985-2005. Our empirical results indicate that in the short run the collection of pollution discharge fees bearsa positive impact on the export share of clean products of total exports. Thus, higher pollution discharge fees raise theratio of clean products exports to total exports. This further indicates that more stringent environmental regulationpromotes the exports of clean products. In the long run pollution discharge fees are positively correlated with the exportshare of clean products but negatively associated with their import share. Such correlations imply that environmentalregulation tends to facilitate the international specialization in line with comparative advantages.     

The water footprints of Morocco and the Netherlands: Global water use as a result of domestic consumption of agricultural commodities

The volume of international trade in agricultural commodities is increasing faster than the global volume of production, which is an indicator of growing international dependencies in the area of food supply. Although less obvious, it also implies growing international dependencies in the field of water supply. By importing food, countries also import water in virtual form. The aim of the paper is to assess the water footprints of Morocco, a semi-arid/arid country, and the Netherlands, a humid country. The water footprint of a country is defined as the volume of water used for the production of the goods and services consumed by the inhabitants of the country. The internal water footprint is the volume of water used from domestic water resources; the external water footprint is the volume of water used in other countries to produce goods and services imported and consumed by the inhabitants of the country. The study shows that both Morocco and the Netherlands import more water in virtual form (in the form of water-intensive agricultural commodities) than they export, which makes them dependent on water resources elsewhere in the world. The water footprint calculations show that Morocco depends for 14% on water resources outside its own borders, while the Netherlands depend on foreign water resources for 95%. It is shown that international trade can result in global water saving when a water-intensive commodity is traded from an area where it is produced with high water productivity to an area with lower water productivity. If Morocco had to domestically produce the products that are now imported from the Netherlands, it would require 780 million m³/year. However, the imported products from the Netherlands were actually produced with only 140 million m³/year, which implies a global water saving of 640 million m³/year.     

汇率变动、可耗竭资源和经济增长

本文基于贸易的视角,从理论和实证两方面分析了汇率变动、可耗竭资源与经济发展之间的关系.得出贸易传导机制下的"资源诅咒"在我国虽然存在不明显,这种局面到底能持续多久,在一定程度上依赖于我国资源的承受力和可持续性的结论.最后给出了从长远来看,人民币适度升值,可以化解"资源诅咒"的陷阱的建议.     

绿色贸易壁垒对中国林产品出口的影响及对策

近年我国林产品出口增长迅速,但是应当看到在增长背后的隐患与不足。由森林认证形成的消费绿色贸易壁垒成为我国林产品出口的一大隐患,若不加以重视,将会逐渐削弱我国的木质产品竞争力;而一旦有关国家强制实施森林认证,将对我国林产品出口造成沉重的打击。本文以木制家具业为例对该影响进行了定量分析。同时由于我国林产品生产和管理方面没有与国际标准接轨,致使各种法律绿色贸易壁垒从多个方面影响我国食用林产品出口。面对隐患与不足,要积极应对寻求突破,保证我国林产品出口持续稳定增长。     

上海旅游业培育成战略性支柱产业的要求、路径、潜力与对策研究

在＂十二五＂期间,我国各级政府如何加快实现把旅游业培育成国民经济战略性支柱产业这一目标？这是一个具有重要理论与实践价值的课题。文章选择上海市为研究对象,对把旅游业培育成为国民经济战略性支柱产业的四大问题进行系统研究：（1）旅游业培育成战略性支柱产业的含义与带动要求;（2）上海旅游产业发展的相对位置与成为战略性支柱产业的发展路径;（3）上海旅游业培育成战略性支柱产业的发展潜力;（4）上海旅游业培育成战略性支柱产业的对策。文章的研究思路、方法与成果不仅对上海,而且对全国各地如何把旅游产业培育成战略性支柱产业,具有普遍的参考意义。     

安全标准与农产品贸易:中国与主要贸易伙伴的实证研究

国际农产品贸易引起争端的安全标准的大量存在,表明市场自身力量不足以纠正失灵,农产品市场的独有特征构成安全标准广泛实施的理由。文章测算了十年间一项具体农产品安全标准—黄曲霉素最大允许含量标准,对一组发达国家和一组包括中国在内的亚洲发展中国家的水果/坚果类产品的贸易影响程度。政策模拟结果显示,进口国协调采用国际标准将产生更大的贸易促进效果。     

Do Court Decisions Drive the Federal Trade Commission’s Enforcement Policy on Merger Settlements?

Mergers are generally conglomerate in nature with only minor (if any) horizontal overlaps. Under U.S. law, an enforcement agency may challenge any anticompetitive aspect of the merger and the consequent delay associated with litigation would impose costs on the firm. These costs may give the enforcement agency “leverage” to extract a settlement even when the firm would prevail in court. This paper explores whether the FTC’s decisions to challenge transactions approximate the case law. We find that the representative enforcement regimes of the FTC and the courts are remarkably similar, although the FTC credits efficiencies, while courts consider buyer sophistication as a mitigating factor.     

汉语省略现象与相关理论研究

行文的简洁和精炼是交际"经济原则"的集中体现,语法学者对汉语的省略现象众说纷纭。文章对有关省略界定、方式与相关范畴(如隐含等)加以综述,对汉语的省略及研究成果进行了理论梳理。     

Does trade integration alter monetary policy transmission?

This paper explores the role of trade integration—or openness—for monetary policy transmission in a medium-scale new Keynesian model. Allowing for strategic complementarities in price setting, we highlight a new dimension of the exchange rate channel by which monetary policy directly impacts domestic inflation: a monetary contraction which appreciates the exchange rate lowers the local currency price of imported goods; this, in turn, induces domestic producers to lower their prices too. We pin down key parameters of the model by matching impulse responses obtained from a vector autoregression on time series for the US relative to the euro area. Our estimation procedure yields plausible parameter values and suggests a strong role for strategic complementarities. Counterfactual simulations show that openness alters monetary transmission significantly. While the contractionary effect of a monetary policy shock on inflation and output tends to increase in openness, we find that monetary policy's control over inflation increases, as the output decline which is necessary to bring about a given reduction of inflation is smaller in more open economies.