生态系统服务价值下的新安江跨界生态补偿标准设计

论文讨论了跨界生态补偿由损害补偿向保护补偿转变的"反向补偿"机理,构建了基于生态系统服务价值的跨区域生态补偿理论框架。研究表明,理论上流域生态横向补偿标准设计应基于生态系统服务的供给、支持、调节、文化四大功能,同时兼顾区域生态共同体思维,利用支付意愿、支付能力两调节系数进一步确定补偿款项的转移额度。新安江补偿案例研究结果说明,生态系统服务价值核算的补偿标准在跨区域生态问题上能够有效弥补跨区域补偿力度不足的问题,厘清损害补偿如何向保护补偿演化的路径,促进地区间平衡发展,完善生态补偿经济学公平理论,并为政府制定全国统一的跨界生态补偿政策提供理论依据和经验数据。     

Areal differentiation of virtual water for agricultural products and its effect on regional agricultural structure adjustment in China： 1995-2007

With a vast territory, the space-time distribution of water resources is uneven in China. There is a great dif ference in natural conditions and farmland management of agricuttural production in different regions. The areal differentiation of agricultural products virtual water is obvious. Comparison with the agricultural products virtual water from 1995 to 2007 in China shows an increase in the first ten vears and a little decrease in recent years. There has been a tendency of increase all the time in Northeast and Northwest. but a decrease after an increase firstly in other regions. The virtual water offood crops is the maximum which accounts for more than 70% in China. and that of vegetables is in a fast growth. The proportion of agricultural products virtual water to the total water resources in each region has a large difference, showing the imbalance of agricultural water in different regions, which accounts for 50%-90% in Northeast, and 125%-185% in North China. Under the guidance of virtual water strategy, based on the differences of resource endowment, each region should adjust agricultural structure, decide production by water, and select water suitable crops. In water-rich region, agricultural produets of high water consumption should be planted appropriately, which will make full use of the abundant local water resources. In water-shortage region the crop production of high water consumption and low efficiency should be depressed, and that of low water consumption and high efficiency should be supported and increased. It will achieve reasonable disposition of water resources, promote ecological restoration and environmental protection, as welt as ensure food security.     

国家主体功能区划对生态经济学科的要求

国家对不同的主体功能区域实施差别化的区域政策,同时利用评价指标引导它们的建设。主体功能区划是塑造我国区域发展格局的新举措。生态经济理论作为主体功能区提出的理论基础之一,是一种全新的理论发展视角,也是未来可持续发展领域的重要研究趋势。在新时期背景下国家主体功能区划对生态经济学科发展建设提出了新要求,生态经济学科研究要有新思路,要有明确的区域指向性,并提供科学合理的评价依据。     

流量垄断的理论框架与规制路径

数据要素的流动反映了市场供需信号的传递,流量竞争的本质是交易机会的争夺。数字平台的核心功能是流通,其以提高信息撮合效率为抓手进行注意力竞争,这决定了撮合对象的范围可以无限广阔,关注生产的相关市场界定则会因撮合市场跨多个生产领域而难以界定“基准产品”,因此流量代表的注意力相关市场难以测定。基于“联系一结构”视角,本文认为数字生态中存在中心、次中心和外围这三种角色,并从“平台-数据-算法”（PDA范式）三个维度进一步固化中心独占流量入口的格局,形成了中心对次中心,次中心对外围成本依次转移的“中心一外围”依附剥削体系。针对以控制交易机会分配为目的的流量垄断,本文提出三条规制路径：第一,在反垄断分析框架中突出相关时间市场;第二,拓展反垄断法中交易相对人的内涵,实现结构性平台对联系性平台跨生态开放为目标的互联互通;第三,导入开放平台原则,对结构性平台划定必需设施,构建数字平台的寡头竞争规则。     

Agricultural impacts on water quality and implications for virtual water trading decisions

Research on the flow of virtual water associated with agricultural crop production and trade has focussed almost entirely on water quantity. It is pertinent to consider and quantify the opportunity costs in terms of reduced water quality associated with crop production. This paper investigates the impacts of water quality on virtual water trading by creating a proxy for water quality impacts by calculating the amount of water required to dilute nonpoint-source agrochemical inputs to relevant water quality guideline values. The quantity of water required for dilution of five agrochemicals (two nutrients; nitrogen and phosphorus and three insecticides; azinphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos and endosulfan) was estimated for five crops in South Africa (maize, wheat, sugar cane, citrus and cotton) and compared to consumption of irrigation water (blue water) and rainfall (green water) for the same crops. Results indicate that the volume of water required for dilution is similar to the total sum of green and blue water required for crop production, but significantly greater than blue water use (irrigation use). For all crops phosphorus losses require greater amounts of water for dilution than for nitrogen, while pesticides result in the greatest water quality use. Estimates of water quality use are based on assumptions for a number of input variables (i.e. fertilizer application rates, percentage loss of agrochemicals from cropped areas). A Monte Carlo analysis (5000 iterations) was run to randomly select input variables from within defined ranges. Water quality use was calculated and expressed as a factor of blue water use. For all crops the average factor indicated that the volume of water required for dilution of all agrochemicals was greater than that required for irrigation. The results of this study clearly indicate that the impacts of agriculture on water quality need to be considered in virtual water trading scenarios. The incorporation of a method to predict impacts on water quality provides a comparative tool which generates a more holistic frame of reference for decision making with regard to impacts on the water resource and virtual water trading.     

海南中部山区森林生态系统服务功能价值评估

海南中部山区是全省生态功能的核心区,对维持全岛生态平衡与可持续发展起着十分重要的作用。本文依据2005年SPOT2、SPOT4遥感影像（10米分辨率）所提取的专题图层分析统计出中部山区森林生态系统类型和面积,提出了各类型生态系统服务功能评价指标沐系,分为提供产品、调节功能、文化功能和支持功能4种类型;并利用生态经济相关理论基础对备服务功能价值进行了初步评价．结果表明,海南中部山区森林生态系统8种类型9种服务功能总价值为1549．5×10^8元／a,其中调节功能达1472．8×10^8元,占总服务功能价值的90％以上。为进一步提高人们的生态环保意识和促进海南生态补偿机制的建立提供重要参考。     

高职“虚实互补”实训体系研究——以应用电子技术专业为例

高职的培养目标定位在高素质的技术技能型人才,在培养中要实现实践应用能力和理论分析能力并重。本文介绍了一种将虚拟仿真技术融入到应用电子技术专业实训体系,构建了虚实互补的实训体系,以期实现高职理实并重的培养目的,改善目前只强调实践动手能力而忽略理论分析能力而引起的高职学生后劲发展不足的问题。     

城市生态空间与空间生态化——兼论抚顺采矿区生态重构与城市复兴

针对空间规划中生态空间难以进行功能取舍与组织实现,我们从生态哲学的基本问题出发,认为生态价值的判断仍然是基于人的自身价值观产生的,因此生态格局除了识别,是可以构建和重构的。基于此认识,我们抓住抚顺采矿区的问题核心与城市特色,通过整理采矿区工业遗存的文化价值、周边山体以及可建设廊道的生态环境价值,面对矿区功能结构现实,充分尊重自然,尊重历史,尊重现实;而又很好的借鉴了国外经验和成果,得到生态需要空间的核心思想,将之与抚顺采矿区的生态恢复和城市复兴相结合,有机衔接工业文明与生态文化。遵循生态安全、生命安全至上的原则,将历史文化的保留与景观构建相结合,寓景观生态学思想于退化生态系统恢复过程;以抚顺市棚户区改造、工人就业安置、保障性住房为出发点,融社会问题的解决于生态修复、环境整治的过程,设计了一条可持续性生态重构的有效途径,并得到以工代赈的实际措施。     

企业生态系统的动态演化机制研究

以生命周期理论分析了企业生态系统的演化规律,指出其演化过程大致经历开拓、成长、成熟、自我更新或衰退4个阶段。基于耗散结构理论,对企业生态系统的动态演化机制进行了研究,得出其演化是自组织和环境选择相结合的结果的结论。