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《Journal of medical economics》2013,16(11):1307-1316
AbstractObjective:The objective of the study was to conduct a systematic review of utility weight estimates relevant to economic models for wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD).Methods:A systematic literature search of PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and EconLit was performed (January 1995–December 2010) and then updated (October 2010–May 2012; February 2012–July 2013) identifying articles reporting utilities in patients with wAMD and visual impairment. Extracted studies were also assessed for compliance with the NICE reference case.Results:Of 2415 articles identified from the searches, 212 articles were reviewed in full, and 17 selected for data extraction. Most studies used time trade-off (TTO) techniques to estimate utilities; other methods included standard gamble, EuroQoL Health Questionnaire 5 Dimensions (EQ-5D); Short-Form 6D Health Status Questionnaire (SF-6D); and Health Utilities Index Mark III (HUI3). Correlation between utility estimates and visual acuity (VA) differed between the instruments. Time trade-off methods were more sensitive to VA changes than standard gamble methods. HUI3 estimates were most highly correlated with VA changes, followed by TTO; no trend was observed between VA and EQ-5D or SF-6D utility weights. Six of the 17 studies complied with the NICE reference case.Conclusions:Several instruments have been used to elicit utilities from patients with wAMD. Because TTO methods were more sensitive to VA changes than standard gamble and HUI3 estimates were most highly correlated with VA changes, TTO and HUI3 may be suitable methods for economic evaluations in these patients. The EQ-5D and SF-6D were poor indicators of the impact of VA on HRQL. 相似文献
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红楼人物历来就是读者和评论家们关注的对象,但对小说中的嬷嬷们,研究者却较少涉猎。在《红楼梦》的女性世界中,嬷嬷是一个别有意义的群体,她们地位特殊,阅历丰富,精于算计,惟利是命,其审美价值在于她们的形象既揭示了这类人物独特的生命内涵,丰富了我国古代小说人物宝库,又是全书展开矛盾冲突、推动情节发展的重要艺术手段。 相似文献
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剩余污泥厌氧消化的试验研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
选取长春市某污水处理厂剩余污泥和处理城市污水的某厌氧反应器中的剩余污泥作为研究对象.在中温(35℃)条件下,进行污泥产气量和MLSS降解速率的对照试验。结果表明,厌氧污泥的产气量、MLSS降解速率均大于好氧污泥.厌氧污泥比好氧污泥更适宜厌氧消化。 相似文献
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用微波消解法进行样品消化,火焰原子吸收光谱法测定湖北宜昌不同产粮区的大米中铁锰铜辞4种微量元素的含量。测定值的相对标准偏差(n=5)在0.85%-7.40%之间,加标回收率在90.4%-105.5%之间。 相似文献
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Certification is highlighted as a key sustainable tourism management tool. Yet, very little is known about visitors’ perceptions of such schemes. This is an important gap: the success of certification schemes depends on consumers’ confidence in the quality of products and services that the schemes endorse. This paper surveyed 610 visitors to the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area and surrounds in Queensland, Australia about (1) the perceived importance of various attributes of the ECO certification scheme; and (2) the perceived performance of operators based on those attributes. Data analysis identified aspects of ECO certification and of operator performance that may need improvement. It found that importance of attributes varied across products and visitor groups; at accommodations, most attributes were perceived to be important, Nature (as an aesthetic experience) and Marketing being more important than others, while at attractions and on tours, visitors were indifferent. Younger visitors rated Environment and Conservation more highly than their older counterparts and females rated Conservation more highly than males. Visitors – notably at accommodations – considered that ECO certified operators were performing “better” than non-ECO certified operators on many attributes. How these visitor perceptions translate into reality remains an important topic for future research. 相似文献
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This paper examines motorists’ speeds in wet weather compared with non-hazardous dry conditions (the control) for two separate survey locations on the M4 motorway, south Wales. One site was surfaced with conventional asphalt, whilst the other location had a porous asphalt wearing course. The aim of this study is to establish whether drivers compensate for the additional risks posed in rain by reducing their speed in wet weather. Drivers are slowing down in wet weather, but only marginally; and although the speed reductions proved statistically significant, they are insufficient to compensate for the additional wet weather risks imposed. Such findings have broader implications for the government’s road safety targets. 相似文献
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非正式制度、文化传统与企业社会责任困境的隐性消解 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1