Attitudes Toward Surveys, Attitude Accessibility and the Effect on Respondents’ Susceptibility to Nonresponse

This paper analyzes whether respondents’ attitudes toward surveys explain their susceptibility to item nonresponse. In contrast to previous studies, the decision to refuse to provide income information, not to answer other questions and the probability of ‘don’t know’ responses is tested separately. Furthermore, the interviewers’ overall judgments of response willingness was included as well. Respondents with a positive and cognitively accessible attitude toward surveys were expected to adopt a cooperative orientation and were thus deemed more likely to answer difficult as well as sensitive questions. Attitudes were measured with a 16-item instrument and the response latencies were used as an indicator for attitude accessibility. We found that respondents with more favorable evaluations of surveys had lower values on all kinds of nonresponse indicators. Except for the strong effect on the prevalence of ‘don’t knows’, survey attitudes were increasingly more predictive for all other aspects of nonresponse when these attitude answers were faster and thus cognitively more accessible. This accessibility, and thus how relevant survey attitudes are for nonresponse, was found to increase with the subjects’ exposure to surveys in the past.     

铁路快速客运网对城市通达性的影响

通达性是度量交通网络结构的有效指标,也是评价区域(或城市)获取发展机会和控制市场能力的有效指标之一.阐述城市通达性的评价方法,以31个省会级中心城市为研究对象,分别从各城市的节点总空间距离、节点总时间距离,快速客运网的网络总空间距离、网络总时间距离,城市节点通达性系数以及中心城市的日可达性等方面,分析“十二五”铁路快速客运网建设对城市通达性的影响.     

信用担保市场的内在脆弱性分析

文章认为因信息不对称、信用担保体系不健全、竞争不规范等原因导致我国目前的信用担保市场存在明显的内在脆弱性,要防范市场风险,应完善社会征信体系和信用担保体系建设,完善外部监管与行业自律,信用担保公司应坚持效率与稳健并重的经营原则、加强风险管理、完善内控机制。     

中国青少年生殖健康可及性调查基础数据报告

目的是了解中国未婚青少年性与生殖健康的知识、态度和行为现状,评价青少年性与生殖健康服务的可得性与可及性,为改善青少年的性与生殖健康可及性提供政策支持。利用分层和概率比例规模抽样相结合的四阶段混合的抽样方法,用结构化问卷对15-24岁未婚青少年的三类子总体进行匿名一对一面访式调查。青少年整体缺乏全面正确的生殖健康知识,22.4%的青少年具有性经历。首次和最近一次性行为中,未采取任何避孕措施的比例分别为51.2%和21.4%。在有性经历的女性青少年中,怀孕率为21.3%,多次怀孕率为4.9%。书/杂志、同学/朋友、学校老师、网络以及电影/电视是青少年生殖健康知识的五大来源。学校课程对青少年的性与生殖健康知识具有积极作用,但青少年参加相关课程/讲座的比例不足40%。50%以上的咨询和治疗需求未实现。分析了原因,提出了对策和建议。     

Young people's perceptions of complaints procedures in local government

This study examined 46 young people aged 16–24 years and evaluated their knowledge and awareness of the formal complaints procedures used by local government. Two areas in Scotland, one city (Edinburgh) and one town (Stirling), were chosen to participate in the study. Six focus groups, three in each area, were carried out to identify the level of awareness among the respondents and to permit a cross‐section of educational backgrounds to be obtained. A questionnaire was used to assemble a profile on each participant. After analysis of the focus groups, a focused interview with the Corporate Complaints Officers from two councils was undertaken. Each interview incorporated an in‐depth discussion regarding the formal complaints procedure while focusing on the young people within their constituency. The research revealed that young people's knowledge and awareness of local government complaints procedures is low, regardless of educational background and area of residence. For a minority, social factors such as confidence and competence do play a role although it is mainly organizational barriers, such as lack of information and access, which are the main causes of the problem. A number of young people indicated that they would complain if they knew how to execute a complaint successfully. The service providers were knowledgeable that awareness is low among this age group.     

基于社会网络中心性模型的城市公园公交可达性研究——以哈尔滨道里区为例

在国家优先发展公共交通的政策引导下,如何优化城市公园布局与公交网络的空间关系,提高公园的公交可达性,成为城市建设过程中所面临的现实课题。首先,依据公交站点与城市公园入口100m空间距离,将其划分为接入点与连接点,依据相同路线的公交线路数量构建邻接矩阵,初步确立了公交网络结构模型。其次,从可达性和连接性2个方面提取了公交网络中心性模型的4个自变量因子,其中表征可达性的度数中心度、接近中心度和中间中心度3个自变量因子,定量反映了城市公园在公交网络中的区位条件;其中表征连接性的聚类系数,定量反映了公交连接点与接入点的连接程度。然后,通过自变量因子权重赋值,建构了公交网络中心性模型,依此量化评估城市公园的公交可达性。最后,应用公交网络中心性模型,结合哈尔滨道里区公交站线与10个建成公园现状进行实证研究,提出了在公交中心性空洞区合理规划公交站点及线路,而在公交中心性高值区增补城市公园的对策,以此促进公交网络与城市公园布局的空间耦合关系,提高城市公园的公交可达性,使其发挥更大的综合效益。     

兰州市15分钟社区生活圈划定及步行网络优化

基于生活圈划分的相关标准和要求,划分兰州市中心城区15分钟社区生活圈。从优化步行网络的视角出发,通过ArcGIS网络分析和现场调研,梳理出兰州市中心城区生活圈步行网络现状存在的问题：步行路网密度偏低;部分生活圈内日常服务设施可达性不佳;部分生活圈人行道宽度不足;步行环境不佳。据此提出4个方面的步行网络优化策略：通过新增支路、疏通断头路等手段有效增加步行路网密度及连通性;通过局部建筑环境微改造、功能可兼容服务设施共享等,提高日常服务设施可达性;加强路权管理保障人行步道宽度满足1.5 m;平整道路铺装、优化景观绿化、增设休憩设施、 整顿步行道界面,营造舒适的步行环境。     

The geography of e-shopping in China: On the role of physical and virtual accessibility

Although e-shopping is increasingly adopted, it remains unclear (1) how e-shopping varies geographically, and (2) how this relates to physical and virtual accessibility. This paper presents a combined study of both issues focusing on the case of China, arguably one of the emerging e-shopping hotspots. Drawing on Alibaba's Online Shopping Index, we use a general spatial model (SAC) to explore the role of virtual and physical accessibility in the spatial distribution of e-shopping across 276 prefecture-level cities in China. The results suggest that both physical accessibility (proxy-ed by the relative number of shopping malls and the relative number of buses) and virtual accessibility (proxy-ed by the percentage of broadband subscribers and the relative number of delivery points) increase e-shopping, with both effects complementing each other. We discuss how findings contribute to our understanding of the geography of e-shopping, and outline implications for policymakers and e-retailers alike.     

Planning for equal transit-based accessibility of healthcare facilities: A case study of Shenzhen,China

Recent location-allocation studies have made considerable progress in optimizing the equality of facility accessibility but are focused on automobile transport to facilities. In cities, however, the transit-based accessibility of essential services is crucial for social equality and sustainable development. In this study, we develop a modified transit-based maximal accessibility equality (MAE) model for optimizing the equality of the transit-based accessibility of healthcare facilities. In this model, equality is quantified as the weighted mean absolute deviation (WMAD) of accessibility across locations. Two scenarios are set up to reallocate resources or allocate newly added resources. The results reveal that the equality of transit-based healthcare accessibility can be significantly improved in both scenarios. A dispersed planning strategy for facilities is suggested to achieve equal accessibility. However, the transit-based optimization results significantly differ from the car-based optimization results, with more supply allocated to facilities close to transit corridors. This finding implies that the traditional car-based MAE model might generate unequal healthcare accessibility for transit-dependent populations and thus lead to biased recommendations for healthcare planning. Furthermore, it shows that traditional car-based optimization may engender a misallocation of healthcare supply, exacerbating the inequality in healthcare accessibility. The necessity of incorporating public transit into public facility planning is highlighted. The improved MAE model can be applied in cities where the supply of public services is relatively adequate and public transit plays an important role in daily mobility.