美国房利美和房地美困境浅析

美国住房贷款金融市场的动荡引发了人们对房利美和房地美这两家企业的未来担忧。     

When Organizations Break Their Promises: Employee Reactions to Unfair Processes and Treatment

Research has shown that the strongest reactions to organizational injustice occur when an employee perceives both unfair outcomes (distributive injustice) and unfair and unethical procedures and treatment. Utilizing the Referent Cognitions Theory (RCT) framework, this study investigates how a form of distributive injustice, psychological contract breach, along with procedural and interactional injustice influences employees' negative attitudes and behaviors. More specifically, the interactional effects of these forms of injustices should be notably greater than those exhibited when an employee of the organization, following a contract breach, perceives both fair and ethical processes and treatment. Three hundred and twenty-two employees from a variety of organizational settings completed measures of contract breach, procedural injustice, interactional injustice, and negative affect toward the organization. Their respective supervisors completed a measure of deviant work behaviors. Results revealed a three-way interaction between contract breach, procedural injustice, and interactional injustice on negative affect and deviant work behavior. The nature of the interaction was further investigated through simple slope analyses. Consistent with the study's propositions, deviant work behavior was higher following a contract breach when both procedural and interactional injustice were high. However, the association between negative affect and breach was high when both forms of injustices were high and when only interactional injustice was high. Study contributions and limitations as well as theoretical and ethical implications are discussed.     

Momentum,market states and investor behavior

This paper shows that the momentum effect appears in the wake of both up-market and down-market states in the Spanish stock market, although in the first of these cases it is followed by return reversal. This evidence, which contradicts the predictions of Cooper et al. (2004), provides the rationale for taking into account the disposition effect among the possible explanatory factors behind the momentum effect in a behavioral theory context.      

Sister Cities Flourish

Building sister city relation, also known as friendship city, is a common channel for cities in different countries to keep a closertie and communication. According to the statistics from China International Friendship Cities Association, up to the end of 2007, 1087 provinces and states and 314 cities from 120 countries in the world have found their sister cities in China. Among them, Japan has the largest amount of Chicapital history.     

Reaching the boiling point: Consumers' negative affective reactions to firm-attributed service failures

While anger is the dominant affective reaction following service failure, little research focused on its potentially damaging effects. Our study examines the impact of anger and related negative affective states on evaluations and behavior following firm-attributed service failure. Gender's moderating role in shaping these consequences is also studied. Scenarios involving failures in a bank and a retail store are used. Overall, angry customers are less satisfied, give lower service evaluations, have higher perceptions of injustice, and give weaker ratings of corporate image. Angry customers also less likely spread positive word of mouth and more likely complain, exhibit negative repurchase intentions, and engage in third-party action. Related negative states differentially impact cognitive evaluations and post-purchase behavior with anger (rage) being the most important predictor in a bank (retail) setting. As the intensity of the negative affective state increases, customers more likely engage in effortful consequences. Gender of the customer and the service employee play minimal roles influencing evaluative and behavioral outcomes.     

多媒体环境下英语教学中师生角色的变化——多媒体环境下外语教学情感目标实现策略研究

多媒体技术促进了教学模式的改变,引起了师生角色的变化,对教师自身的素质提出了挑战.新的教学模式,要求教师在教学活动中,充分发挥与体现教师的"主导"和学生的"主体"作用.不仅教师的教法要改变,而且学生以往学习的习惯、方法、态度等也要改变.培养和发展师生积极的情感态度是英语教学的重要目标之一.     

Understanding the role of economic transition in enlarging energy price elasticity

Evidence of energy price elasticity would allow for a better understanding of economic, distributional and environmental consequences of varying energy prices. We document the previously unnoticed causal relationship between energy price elasticity and economic transition by modelling energy price elasticity as endogenous to the economic system. The central message is that economic transition promotes incentives and flexibility of micro‐units to sufficiently use price signals. Three potential mechanisms are proposed and tested for economic transition affecting the energy price elasticity. The findings provide implications for energy price policies because it reveals how energy consumers respond to energy price changes alongside economic transition.     

Exploring the Effects of Compliance/Non-Compliance Message Framing,Desirability of End States,and Brand Zealotry on Consumers’ Responses to Wearables Advertising

Abstract

An experiment examined the combinatory effects of advertising message framing, desirability of end states, and brand zealotry on consumers’ responses to wearables advertising. The compliance framed ad elicited more favorable ad attitude, purchase intention, and word of mouth (WOM) intention compared with the noncompliance framed ad. Results also showed brand zealotry moderated the interaction between message framing and desirability of end states on WOM intention. Specifically, for low brand zealotry individuals, the compliance-framed ad elicited greater WOM intention than the noncompliance-framed ad regardless of the desirability of end-states. The desirable end-state ad triggered a greater WOM intention than the undesirable end-state ad regardless of message framing. For high brand zealotry individuals, the effect of message framing on WOM intention relied on the desirability of end-states. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed.     

Current account and real effective exchange rate misalignments in Central Eastern EU countries: An update using the macroeconomic balance approach

We make an assessment of the current account and price competitiveness of the Central Eastern European countries that joined the EU, using data up to 2016. Foreign capital flows, fiscal balance and relative output growth seem to play a crucial role in explaining the current account balance. The real effective exchange rate gaps behave in accord with the current account misalignments, which clearly display cyclical behaviour. When foreign direct investments are introduced as a determinant, the misalignments are larger in boom periods (positive misalignments), whereas the negative misalignments are smaller in magnitude. Overall, the countries have moved closer to their equilibria since 2010.     

Skill development in reverse mentoring: Motivational processes of mentors and learners

Building on Murphy's (2012) model of reverse mentoring, we examine the psychological processes that contribute to skill development in initiatives where knowledge is transferred from younger to older individuals. We employ a sample of younger mentors (n = 457) and older learners (n = 293) participating in a digital skills initiative to test parallel moderated mediation models. Our findings show extrinsic motivation plays a dominant role in the development of younger groups' mentoring skills, while older learners' digital skills development is primarily driven by intrinsic motivation. We also find positive affect and self‐efficacy can serve as personal resources in this context, but only for mentors. Taken together, our results suggest motivational processes in reverse mentoring unfold differently for the two groups involved in the exchange. Recommendations for human resource practice, including specific guidelines for developing intergenerational learning initiatives, are discussed.