人口老龄化对社会保障支出的影响研究

我国人口老龄化态势日益严峻,这必将成为社会保障支出增加的重要推手。文章利用2008—2018年省际面板数据,从老龄化程度、老龄化速度和社会负担三个角度测度人口老龄化,采用系统聚类方法将我国30个省份(不包括西藏和港澳台地区)划分为四类人口老龄化区域,借助固定效应模型深入剖析人口老龄化对社会保障支出水平的影响。研究表明:从全国和四类人口老龄化区域来看,老龄化程度均提升了财政社会保障支出水平和社会保障总支出水平,而老龄化速度则对社会保障支出水平的上升表现为阻碍作用;社会负担促进了全国和四类区域财政社会保障支出水平的提高,但由于各省份经济水平或政策措施的差异,对社会保障总支出水平的影响存在区域间的异质性。     

人口老龄化、技术创新与产业结构升级

人口老龄化是当前中国面临的挑战，能够对产业结构升级产生重要影响。基于长江经济带11省市2009—2019年的省级面板数据，实证研究人口老龄化、技术创新与产业结构升级的关系。结果表明：人口老龄化对产业结构高级化和产业结构合理化产生积极影响。当以技术创新作为门槛变量时，人口老龄化与产业结构升级的关系呈现单门槛特征，在技术创新跨越门槛值后，人口老龄化的正向作用变得更强。     

我国人口深度老龄化与老年照护服务需求发展趋势

基于我国人口结构发展趋势预测,2022年我国老龄化率将达到14%,进入深度老龄化社会;到2030年前后老龄化率将达到20%,进入超级老龄化社会。随着人口老龄化和老年人口高龄化不断上升,我国失能半失能老人规模及其比例将由2020年的4564万人和17.11%上升到2030年的6953万人和17.44%,至2050年进一步上升到12606万人和22%。失能半失能老人规模的快速扩大,将引发老年照护服务需求激增,按照90%失能半失能老人由家庭照护、10%由机构照护估算,照护机构护工需求将由2020年的33.8万人增加到2030年的52.2万人和2050年的101万人。考虑到家庭小型化趋势和“421”家庭普遍化趋势,未来由社区、家政、养老机构和医疗护理机构提供照护服务的失能半失能老人比例将会不断提高,老年照护所需护工的规模还会成倍增加,当前的护理人才教育培训机制远不能满足未来老年照护服务的需求。满足未来规模不断扩大、质量要求不断提高的多层次照护服务需求,亟须健全基本养老服务体系,大力发展多元化老年照护服务体系,切实做好护理人才中长期培育发展规划,不断完善老年健康服务体系。     

社会保障支出、地区差异与积极老龄化

积极老龄化作为应对老龄化挑战的一种有效手段,能提高老年人的晚年生活质量,充分发挥老年人的“余热”,然而现有研究在一定程度上缺乏对积极老龄化前因变量的深入探索。文章构建了老年群体的社会保障支出影响社会参与意识形成及其转化为社会参与行为的理论框架,并用泰尔指数解析社会保障支出对积极老龄化的省际影响和区域影响,以捕捉积极老龄化的客观和主观条件。运用中国动态劳动力调查(CLDS)和2017年《中国统计年鉴》数据进行的实证研究表明:人均社会保障支出对积极老龄化的发展具有显著负向影响;社会保障支出水平对积极老龄化的发展产生显著正向影响;老年人的人力资本、工作经历和健康持久性在人均社会保障支出与积极老龄化之间存在显著调节效应;东中西三大经济带的社会保障支出差异对积极老龄化的影响不显著,但相邻省份的社会保障支出差异对积极老龄化具有显著负向影响。     

How do changes in household economic conditions affect cognitive function?

This study examines the effects of changes in household economic conditions on cognitive function using individual panel data from the National Survey of the Japanese Elderly. This study captures the objective and subjective economic conditions and examines which aspects of economic conditions affect cognitive function. The results demonstrate that deterioration in economic conditions damages cognitive function. In particular, objective economic conditions measured by income affect the cognitive function of Japanese men. This study also assesses possible pathways through which economic conditions affect cognitive function.     

The macroeconomic impact of automation: Applications to elderly care

When automation technology can both help a firm's production and be widely used in the provision of long-term care for the elderly, developments in automation can potentially help alleviate the situation of a declining birthrate in an aging society and increase production and household welfare. In addition, this paper obtains results consistent with the real-world situation in which population aging and a declining birthrate arise simultaneously. Considering the case where automation technology is developed by firms does not change the main findings. Therefore, the government should encourage people to engage in the development of automation.     

Demographics,Monetary Policy,and the Zero Lower Bound

We develop a New Keynesian life-cycle model to assess the importance of population aging for monetary policy. The model successfully matches the age profiles of consumption-savings decisions made by European households. It implies that demographic trends contribute significantly to the decline of the natural rate of interest (NRI) and potential output growth, and exacerbate the risk of hitting the zero lower bound (ZLB), given the current inflation targets. Under a realistic assumption that the central bank updates its estimates of the NRI only with some lag, aging may additionally lead to a sizable and persistent deflationary bias, elevating the ZLB risk even further.