Biological Adaptation in Human Societies: a ‘Basic Needs’ Approach

The groundzero premise (so to speak) of the biological sciences is that survival and reproduction is the basic, continuing, inescapable problem for all living organisms; life is at bottom a survival enterprise. It follows that survival is the paradigmatic problem for human societies as well; it is a prerequisite for any other, more exalted objectives. Although the term adaptation is also familiar to social scientists, until recently it has been used only selectively, and often very imprecisely. Here a more rigorous and systematic approach to the concept of adaptation is proposed in terms of basic needs. The concept of basic human needs has a venerable history – tracing back at least to Plato and Aristotle. Yet the development of a formal theory of basic needs has lagged far behind. The reason is that the concept of objective, measurable needs is inconsistent with the theoretical assumptions that have dominated economic and social theory for most of this century, namely, valuerelativism and cultural determinism. Nevertheless, there have been a number of efforts over the past 30 years to develop more universalistic criteria for basic needs, both for use in monitoring social wellbeing (social indicators) and for public policy formulation. Here I will advance a strictly biological approach to perationalizing the concept of basic needs. It is argued that much of our economic and social life (and the motivations behind our revealed preferences and subjective utility assessments), not to mention the actions of modern governments, are either directly or indirectly related to the meeting of our basic survival needs. Furthermore, these needs can be specified to a first approximation and supported empirically to varying degrees, with the obvious caveat that there are major individual and contextual variations in their application. Equally important, complex human societies generate an array of instrumental needs which, as the term implies, serve as intermediaries between our primary needs and the specific economic, cultural and political contexts within which these needs must be satisfied. An explicit framework of Survival Indicators, including a profile of Personal Fitness and an aggregate index of Population Fitness, is briefly elucidated. Finally, it is suggested that a basic needs paradigm could provide an analytical tool (a biologic) for examining more closely the relationship between our social, economic and political behaviors and institutions and their survival consequences, as well as providing a predictive tool of some value.     

供应链固有可靠性和运作可靠性研究

依据供应链的不同阶段,将其可靠性分为固有可靠性和运作可靠性。为简化计算,提出供应链基本单元的概念,给出两种可靠性的分析方法。     

股市新文化理论初探

长期以来,我国资本市场理论的研究落后于资本市场发展的实践。当前我国股市面临的一个突出问题是股市基础理论探讨严重匮乏。解决这一问题,需要从两个环节入手:第一是在社会主义市场经济条件下,对股市的基本功能进行探讨;第二是建立股市新文化和股权文化。     

我国制定《物权法》的基本法则和关键所在

《物权法》是确认和保护多种所有制经济,充分发挥公有制优越性的重要措施。它的颁发将对我国社会和经济的发展产生深远的影响,我国公民日益关注的对公有财产和私有财产给予平等保护的理念,最终在这部法律中得以充分体现和真正明确。本文将从《物权法》的基本原则、显著特点、主要内涵、政策导向等方面进行论述和分析,供政府、研究和企业等相关人士参考。     

基于Visual Basic6.0的测控软件设计

对VisualBasic6.0在测控系统软件编程方面的应用进行了探讨,并对其数据处理,I/O操作,动态链接库DLL的编制与调用,数据库管理系统的接口设计、建立、数据格式的转换等方面进行了研究。给出了Windows应用程序建立DLL的方法与步骤,对于在VisualBasic程序中如何应用DLL进行了讨论。     

Research on Basic Design Education: An International Survey

This paper reports on the results of a survey and qualitative analysis on the teaching of ‘Basic Design’ in schools of design and architecture located in 22 countries. In the context of this research work, Basic Design means the teaching and learning of design fundamentals that may also be commonly referred to as the Principles of Two- and Three-dimensional Design. The body of knowledge associated with Basic Design may be regarded as part of the general theory of teaching and learning design as practiced in many design schools and which has its origins in the classical design schools such as the Bauhaus. In the author’s perception and practice, the pedagogy of Basic Design promotes a holistic, creative and experimental methodology that develops the learning style and cognitive abilities of students with respect to the fundamental principles of design. This includes an understanding of the elements of shape, colour, texture, light, and rhythm in a manner complementary but usually unrelated to the common design methods teaching approach. As is well known among design practitioners, including architects and industrial designers, a deep understanding of the purpose of these fundamental design elements and principles is still relevant to contemporary design practice. The main objective of the research described in this paper was to determine the status and development of Basic Design pedagogy in a significant number of contemporary design schools. On the basis of the results of two surveys conducted in 2001–2002, this paper will identify and illustrate interesting aspects concerning the programmes and organisation of courses delivered by teachers of ‘Basic Design’. This work will also survey the viewpoints of Basic Design teachers in elementary years of design courses and of those teaching design through projects during the subsequent years of the same courses. Interestingly, the design project teachers surveyed in this research expressed a desire to be more involved in the teaching of Basic Design fundamentals which indicates strongly that Basic Design principles are still relevant in contemporary design education terms as they have ever been and that more research is needed in order to better understand and apply the related pedagogy.     

高校国有资产管理的基本任务与基本内容

本文结合我院近年资产管理的工作实践,探讨了高校国有资产管理的基本任务与基本内容。     

推动公共财政发展的前瞻思考

自上世纪九十年代以来我国实行公共财政体系,虽然取得了一些成绩,积累了一些经验,但公共财政运行中的矛盾和深层次问题越来越突出。加快推进公共财政向纵深发展,改革现行财税管理体制,是不断完善公共财政运行体系的客观要求。     

基于系统思考的企业危机管理的探讨

企业的危机是企业随时可能面对的问题。危机管理是一门艺术性和策略性非常强的科学,是基于坦诚、沟通基础上极为讲究策略的科学。本文通过对企业危机管理中利益攸关者的态度和行为的分析,探索其相互联系和影响,并通过建立危机处理的模型,寻找解决危机的根本方法。     

浅谈基本养老保险个人账户"空账"问题

基本养老保险个人账户“空账”问题是基本养老保险制度运行中日渐凸现的一个重要问题,如不解决,将难以应对人口老龄化对养老金的需求,制约旧制度向新制度的顺利转轨,也必将影响养老保险制度改革的进程。因此,分析个人账户“空账”形成的原因,寻找切实可行的解决办法是当前最为迫切的任务。