土地供给错配、房价上涨与半城镇化研究

研究目的:从土地供给入手,识别房价上涨对人口半城镇化的影响及其机制。研究方法:理论分析与实证分析相结合,并采用工具变量法克服模型内生性。研究结果:(1)土地供给错配导致房价上涨,进而推升半城镇化率;(2)不管来自省外还是来自省内的农业转移人口均受到房价上涨的负面冲击,但是省外农业转移人口受到的影响更大。研究结论:房价上涨过快不利于农村转移人口市民化,而土地供给错配是造成房价上涨的重要根源。因此,为了促进农村转移人口市民化,有必要调整限制大城市而鼓励中小城镇发展的政策。     

国内外货币政策对中国有色金属价格影响研究

本文基于价格影响机制理论分析,通过构建VAR模型,分别进行ADF检验、协整检验、格兰杰因果检验、模型的平稳性检验及脉冲响应分析,探讨国内外货币政策对我国有色金属价格影响的显著性.研究表明:国内外货币政策对我国有色金属价格的影响都具有显著性,国内货币政策影响较大;SHIBOR利率对有色金属价格影响显著性要强于货币供应量M...     

The Valuation of Contingent Claims under Portfolio Constraints: Reservation Buying and Selling Prices

With constrained portfolios contingent claims do not generally havea unique price that rules out arbitrage opportunities.Earlier studies have demonstratedthat when there are constraints on the hedge portfolio,a no-arbitrage price interval for any contingent claim exists.I consider the more realistic case where the constraints are imposed on the total portfolio of each investor and define reservation buying and selling prices for contingent claims. I derive propertiesof these prices, show how they can be computed numerically, and study two simple examples in which the reservation prices and the corresponding hedging strategies are compared to the Black–Scholes setting.     

范蠡价格思想刍议

范蠡不仅是华商鼻祖,也是我国封建政府宏观调控经济理论的创始人.范蠡的价格思想主要包含三大内容:一是商品价格形成的基础在于供给和需求的相互影响;二是商品价格是变动的,变动的规律是"贵上极则反贱,贱下极则反贵";三是影响价格波动的主要原因是农产品的供给.将范蠡的价格思想运用到商业运营方面就形成了积著之理,运用到国家宏观调控经济方面就形成了平粜理论.范蠡价格思想的不足之处在于对农业和商业的矛盾考虑不多,这构成了商家积著之理和国家平粜理论之间的内在冲突,埋下了后来封建政府重农抑商政策的种子.     

Implications of a long-term increase in oil prices for tourism

It is expected that global oil prices will increase in the future. Assessing the overall economic impacts on tourism is difficult, as oil price rises will be concomitant with global changes in other commodity prices, exchange rates, and incomes. A general equilibrium perspective is therefore presented in this paper. The model couples a global general equilibrium model with a purpose-built CGE model of New Zealand, which focuses on describing tourism supply and demand in some detail. The results indicate a decrease in real gross national disposable income of 1.7% for a doubling of oil price and a 9% reduction in the real value of tourism exports. As a result of segment-specific price increases and differing income and exchange rate effects and elasticities, the reduction in demand for tourism in New Zealand by 18 segments differs substantially. The greatest reduction in demand is observed for tourists from the United Kingdom.     

Insights from Anticipatory Prices

Contemporaneous observations on expected supply and on prices of post‐harvest futures contracts for corn are used to estimate expected demand relationships. These equations are used to estimate the prices of the post‐harvest contracts based on new supply estimates. Each estimate can be compared with a corresponding futures price, i.e. the market forecast. The differences help discern the market expectations about the expected demand for the new crop relative to historical experience, which can help support outlook analyses. We find that in recent years, a 100 million bushel change in the expected supply of corn results in about a 6 cent per bushel negative change in the price of December corn. The discussion also deepens understanding of the term ‘anticipatory prices’ as defined by Holbrook Working in his 1958 work.     

The Impact of the 2013 CAP Reform on the Decoupled Payments’ Capitalisation into Land Values

We assess the effects of the 2013 CAP reform on the capitalisation of decoupled payments in land rental values. Our estimates suggest that the reform leads to an increase in the capitalisation of decoupled payments by an additional 18 cents for each Euro of decoupled payments relative to the pre‐reform situation. However, there is an important variation in the reform effects between Member States (MS) particularly between Old Member States (OMS) and New MS (NMS). In NMS, the capitalisation rate slightly reduces from 83% in the pre‐reform period to 79% in the post‐reform period. Although, the rate is significantly lower in OMS, it doubles (from 21% to 43%) due to the reform. The main sources of the post‐reform capitalisation in the European Union (EU) are the pre‐reform capitalisation accounting for 69% of the total post‐reform capitalisation, followed by the entitlement stock change with 19%, by the internal convergence of payments with 18%, the budget change (including external convergence) with 1%, and the differentiation of payments (redistributive payment) with ?7%. Overall, our estimates suggest that on average in the EU, the non‐farming landowners’ policy gains are 27% of the total decoupled payments in the post‐reform period compared to 18% in the pre‐reform period.     

The Impact of Biofuel Policies on Crop Acreages in Germany and France

A major concern about biofuels is that increasing biofuel feedstock demand reduces availability of crops for food and feed leading to higher food prices. This paper investigates relations between biofuel policies and prices of rapeseed, the major feedstock used for biodiesel production in Europe, and the impact of rapeseed prices on crop acreages in Germany and France. Biodiesel is an important biofuel in Europe, and Germany and France are the largest biodiesel producers in Europe. First, the various biofuel policies in Germany and France are discussed, followed by an analysis of their effects on rapeseed prices. Although theory indicates that such effects exist, we could not find empirical evidence for them. Second, using regional land use panel data from Germany and France we investigate empirically whether crop shares have been affected by rapeseed prices in the period 2000–2015 and whether these price effects changed because of biofuel policy changes. Results show that wheat shares in Germany and France did respond to rapeseed prices, but barley shares did not. Moreover, mandatory blending introduced in Germany in 2007 and production quotas introduced in France in 2005 led to a stronger effect of rapeseed prices on wheat shares, but again did not affect barley shares.     

Bubbles,Froth and Facts: Another Look at the Masters Hypothesis in Commodity Futures Markets

The Masters Hypothesis suggests that long‐only index funds were the main cause of a massive increase in commodity prices in 2007–2008 and 2011–2012. Central to the Masters Hypothesis are three basic tenets: (i) long‐only commodity index funds were directly responsible for driving futures prices higher; (ii) the deviations from fundamental value were economically very large; (iii) the impact was pervasive across commodity futures markets. There has been a great deal of empirical research on the Masters Hypothesis and commodity market bubbles. However, surprisingly few studies have found evidence that directly support the main tenets of the Masters Hypothesis. Some have attributed the lack of supporting evidence to the low‐power of time‐series tests, market efficiency issues and a lack of conditioning variables within models. In this paper, we address each of these issues using updated data and new empirical approaches. Still, price behaviour consistent with the Masters Hypothesis is surprisingly difficult to find in the data. This is an important finding given the on‐going policy debate and regulations proposed or being implemented to limit speculative positions in these markets.     

Effects of supermarket monopsony pricing on agriculture

Potential effects of alleged monopsony pricing of farm food products by supermarkets on farm product prices, quantities, incomes and land values are assessed relative to competitive behaviour. A long‐run comparative static equilibrium model is used. For export‐competing and import‐competing products, the farm food input supply curve facing the supermarkets is close to perfectly elastic and this limits monopsony behaviour. At the margin, the opportunity to reallocate agricultural land between traded and nontraded farm products means a highly elastic supply function for nontraded food inputs facing supermarkets and very limited monopsony effects.