Taxing air pollutants and carbon individually or jointly: results from a CGE model enriched by an emission abatement sector

We analyse the separate and collective impacts of emissions taxation to understand the internalisation effects of externalities. The analysis is carried out using a static computable general equilibrium model, with unemployment, bottom-up abatement technologies represented by a step function, and detailed emission coefficients. Environmental and health external costs are quantified using the ExternE’s Impact Pathway Approach. Emissions, as a result of environmental taxation, fall through reduced output, production factor substitution, and increased end of pipe abatement activity. The analysis shows that a full internalisation of environmental externalities can result in modest overall economic and environmental welfare gains. There are, however, differences in terms of employment and output, depending on what combination of taxes are applied, which sectors are covered, and how fiscal revenues are redistributed. Air quality benefits range from €35–75 per ton of CO₂ abated. Total environmental benefits always exceed GDP loss and the associated welfare loss.     

产业链视角下的中国新能源汽车产业发展研究

2012年7月,国务院将新能源汽车正式列为七大战略新兴产业之一。文章认为,从产业链角度看,要提升我国新能源汽车产业的竞争力,不仅在于新能源汽车整车制造本身,更重要的是上游核心部件技术的提高与突破,以及充电基础设施的推广与普及。文章重点分析了我国新能源汽车产业链上动力电池、驱动电机、电控系统和充电设施等环节上的发展情况。     

利益冲突视角下的评级付费模式分析

评级机构在此次经济危机中的行为令人失望,使人们对评级行业产生了信任危机。在分析评级行业行为背后的原因时,人们认为评级业现行的发行方付费模式是产生利益冲突的祸根,因而提出多种收费改革方案,包括回归投资方付费模式、加入中间平台结算的发行方付费模式以及多方付费模式等。分析这些方案的优缺点,认为每一种付费模式都有其自身的问题,有待进一步探索和改进。     

预裂爆破在副井卷扬机基础拆除中的应用

在拆除爆破中运用孔间间隔装药的技术手段,成功对卷扬机基础上的圈梁实施预裂切割。不仅降低了工人的劳动强度,缩短了施工工期,而且为该技术在预裂爆破中的运用,提供了宝贵的经验和依据。     

浅议收费系统中常见故障及处理方法

高速公路收费系统根据不同分类方法分为多种不同系统。作者根据工作经验,总结了收费系统中常见的故障及处理方法。     

220V直流系统免维护蓄电池在线核对性充放电方法

直流系统被称为发电厂的心脏,是保证发电厂、变电站稳定安全运行的关键。该方法通过探讨如能成功运用将为芒里电厂单组免维蓄电池的在线核对性充放电找到方法,并能保证发变电设备的稳定高效运行,延长设备使用寿命,降低运行成本。     

基于博弈的高速公路联网收费收入分配研究

综合考虑谈判破裂风险、贴现率、交通量、交通量分配和投资比重等因素,将高速公路联网收费收入分配看成一种讨价还价过程,结合投资人的投资额度和顺序,构建高速公路联网收费收入博弈分配模型,提出一种基于博弈的收费收入分配方法。实例表明:先投资、更乐观的投资者能获得更多的收入占有份额;政府对交通量分配实行明补或暗补措施,可以有效提高投资者的积极性。     

Achieving genuinely dynamic road user charging: issues with a GNSS-based approach

A variety of approaches to road user charging (RUC) for reducing congestion and raising revenue to maintain and improve transport infrastructure is in place in many countries; examples of such RUC include: an Electronic Fee Collection System in Singapore, Cordon Pricing in Oslo City in Norway, Zoned Based Pricing in London and Distance-Based Pricing (also called Pay-As-You-Drive) in Germany and Switzerland. With the development of satellite technologies, the introduction of dynamic pricing becomes possible, affording an opportunity for RUC to fully reflect the ‘Polluter Pays Principle’. This paper provides critical and comparative assessments of existing road user charging (RUC) systems with reference to technological limitations and public and political acceptability. The paper then goes on to demonstrate a system architecture for a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) based dynamic road user charging system capable of considering dynamic variables. Finally we consider the feasibility of the proposed system in relation to technology readiness and public acceptability. We then consider some potential wider benefits from the introduction of a comprehensive system that could be highlighted to justify the cost of development and implementation as well as to improve public and political acceptability. The paper ends with conclusions and future research directions.     

Can public slow charging accelerate plug-in electric vehicle sales? A simulation of charging infrastructure usage and its impact on plug-in electric vehicle sales for Germany

Alternative fuel vehicles face the lack of refueling infrastructure as one obstacle to market diffusion and potential operators of refueling stations await significant market shares before constructing a dense refueling network. The resulting lock-in effect or chicken-egg-problem has scarcely been analyzed for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) up to now. The research question of this article is How much public charging infrastructure for PEVs is needed and is there mutual interaction in the diffusion of public charging infrastructure and electric vehicles?

Here, we present an agent-based market diffusion model for PEVs and their charging infrastructure that is based on a large number of individual driving profiles for private and commercial car holders in Germany. Our results demonstrate the possibility of a market diffusion in Germany without any slow public charging infrastructure until 2030. Although a charging point at home is obligatory for early adopters, the second-best option for an infrastructure set-up is at work where the majority of vehicles is parked for a long time during the day, the installation is not costly and users profit more than from public facilities. Public slow charging facilities do not increase PEV market shares and they need to be subsidized for a long time.     

便携式移动收费系统研究

设计了一种收费站车流量在高峰时的移动式收费系统,并从硬件配置、软件配置和主要功能及用途方面进行了阐述,进一步验证了该系统的可行性。