三种常见现代优化算法的比较

现代最优化算法比较常见的有遗传算法、蚁群算法、粒子群算法、鱼群算法和模拟退火算法。这些算法主要是解决优化问题中的难解问题。文章主要是对遗传算法、粒子群算法和模拟退火算法三个算法的优化性能进行比较。首先介绍了三个算法的基本思想,以此可以了解三种算法有着自身的特点和优势,而后用这三种算法对典型函数进行计算,并对优化结果比较分析,提出了今后研究的方向。     

中韩手机无线网络使用意图和满意度的比较分析

随着网络技术的发展和智能手机的普及,无线网络已成为现代人生活中不可或缺的元素。本文通过比较中韩两国无线网络使用者的使用意图和满意度及其构成的影响因素,以及对各个因素与使用意图和满意度之间关系的证明,从消费者的角度对目前中韩两国无线网络服务中存在的长处和不足,两国间无线网络服务的差异点,未来无线网络服务发展的展望等做出说明,以期为中国无线网络服务水平的提高提供借鉴。     

Tourism development and economic growth in the Mediterranean countries: evidence from panel Granger causality tests

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between tourism development and economic growth in the Mediterranean countries using the newly developed panel Granger causality tests for the 1995–2010 period. It is concluded that while there is bidirectional causal nexus between tourism development and economic growth for Portugal, unidirectional causal nexus from economic growth to tourism development is found for Spain, Italy, Tunisia, Cyprus, Croatia, Bulgaria and Greece. Therefore, the growth-led tourism hypothesis is supported in case of these seven countries. On the other hand, there is no causal relation for Malta and Egypt. The study finds evidence to support the tourism-led growth hypothesis for a group of panel in Mediterranean countries. The results of the overall study suggest that governments of Mediterranean countries should focus on economic policies to promote tourism as a potential source of economic growth.     

Socio-cultural criteria for the evaluation of rural tourism projects – a Delphi consultation

Tourism scholars highlight the use of evaluation as a tool in managing the development of tourism. However, despite the potential for extending knowledge and understanding, few evaluation studies form an integral part of tourism development practice. The study from which this article is drawn is exploratory in nature and investigates the possibility of formulating an index of generic criteria, for application in the development and management of rural tourism projects. Complementary research methods comprised a Delphi Survey, followed by a focus group and semi-structured interviews. This article focuses on those criteria, generated by Delphi panellists in Britain and South Africa, which pertain to the socio-cultural structure and environment in which rural tourism projects are located, the resources on which they are based and the adoption of appropriate management strategies to ensure that these are conserved and sustained. However, despite their support for the criteria generated respondents emphasised that, unless projects were financially viable and operated according to business principles, local communities would bear the costs of rural tourism development without reaping its benefits.     

Reference budgets for counselling on how to manage private household finance – requirements and patterns based on international experience

The approach described in the present article intends to create a conceptual design for German reference budgets, which can be used for counselling purposes. The introductory presentation of the term ‘reference budget’ and its significance in general is followed by the explanation of budget management in private households in the microeconomic sense. This determines the requirements on budget counselling and the teaching of financial literacy. Moreover, being the ideal type, these represent the examination criteria applied for the assessment of available reference budgets. By a comparison of existing international approaches, it is then investigated whether and in which form reference budgets are used for counselling in various countries. The information thus obtained will conclusively be used to reflect the previous development process of German reference budgets. Their state of progress can be compared with the ideal type on the one hand and with internationally adopted concepts on the other hand. In conclusion, some requirements that follow from the ideal‐type view can already be fulfilled with the German concept of reference budgets. Others can serve as the distant goal towards which the long‐term process will be geared.     

Dispositional and organizational sources of job satisfaction: a cross-national study

ABSTRACT

Job satisfaction has proven to be a resilient contributor to employee motivation, productivity, organizational commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. Utilizing cross-national data from five Asian countries/settings and the United States we examine the impact of organizational and psychological factors on job satisfaction. This study contributes to the literature by showing that while organizational factors, such as performance appraisals and leadership behaviours are important sources of job satisfaction, what matters most is whether individuals perceive themselves to be efficacious in their jobs. Self-efficacy was found to be the strongest determinant of job satisfaction in both, the U.S., and the Asian contexts. Based on cultural characteristics of power-distance and collectivism, this study also examines cross-national differences in the level of public employee job satisfaction.     

税法中组成计税价格的比较与应用

组成计税价格在流转税中的增值税、消费税、营业税应用广泛,是企业办税员和在校学生工作、学习中的难点。本文分析了组成计税价格的实质与构成,对众多的组成计税价格进行了梳理,对不同税种、不同业务、不同税率的组成计税价格公式的异同进行了比较,明确指出了组成计税价格容易出错、混淆的地方,有助于办税员和学生正确理解和运用组成计税价格。     

中印宏观经济：一种比较的分析

中国和印度自开放以来，经济发展迅速，咸了亚洲乃至世界经济增长的火车头。目前是全球经济增长最快的两个国家，两国国情有许多相似之处，但两国经济发展又有各自不同的轨迹。因此，对两国追行宏观对比，意义重大。本文认为，中印两国只有互相学习，互相借鉴，取长补短，方能实现强国之梦。     

上海先进制造业水平的国际对比及其启示

根据国际知识竞争力评估使用的知识密集制造业指标对上海制造业进行了比较研究,结果表明,上海先进制造业的规模可观但绩效还不高,虽然先进制造业的产值占全部工业总产值的比重达到46.18%,但前者增加值占后者增加值的比重只有42.82%,与“先进”的地位还不相称。主要原因在于跨国公司的转让定价、人力资源成本高和企业国际竞争力不强等,因此强化技术创新能力是我们的必然选择。     

Revenue comparison in common-value auctions: Two examples

When players' affiliated values are symmetrically distributed, expected revenue in the second-price auction equals or exceeds that in the first-price auction (Milgrom and Weber, 1982). We provide two common-value examples where this ranking fails when players are asymmetrically informed.