Designing wartime economic controls: Productivity and firm dynamics in the Japanese cotton spinning industry, 1937–9

In 1937, the Japanese government accelerated the expansion of its military expenditure and began to impose controls on the economy to maintain the balance of international payments. The controls were developed through trial and error. The cotton spinning industry was one of the industries most deeply affected by these controls. Initially, the government simply reduced the allocation of foreign exchange for raw cotton imports. However, because this measure prevented the export of cotton products, especially to countries outside the yen bloc, a new scheme of control, the ‘export–import link system’, was adopted from the second half of 1938. This scheme was intentionally designed to give firms incentives to export to non-yen bloc countries and to incorporate elements of market mechanisms into the system of economic controls. Analysing firm-level data, we find that under the link system, firms with higher labour productivity (LP) tended to grow faster, as occurs under a market economy. This relationship was not observed during the early stage of the controls. This difference is reflected in the pattern of change in aggregate LP. Under the export–import link system, the positive reallocation effect was substantial, similar to a market economy, whereas it was almost zero under the early controls. These findings indicate that the design of controls matters for the performance of controlled economies.     

价格战的替代策略及其组合分析

在不完全竞争市场中,一些产品发展到了一定时期,总是避免不了要经受价格战的洗礼。面对行业内一家企业的主动降价,其余的企业似乎除了被动跟随之外别无选择。但笔者认为,企业可以采用其它有效策略,绕开价格战泥潭,化被动为主动,建立非低价竞争优势。     

China–US trade: implications on conflicts

ABSTRACT

In this study, we examine various aspects of China’s trade, the U.S.’ trade, and the bilateral trade between the two countries. The analysis of each aspect has direct and indirect implications on trade conflicts between the two countries. We focus on important factors, such as the growth of trade, import penetration, increased competitiveness of Chinese firms, comparative advantages of Chinese goods, China’s WTO entry and its compliance, and bilateral trade imbalance. While each of the factors can lead to trade frictions, individual factors will not have led to a large-scale trade war. These factors converge within a brief period and thus can be considered the China shock, thereby making other countries’ adjustments to their economic structures difficult. Therefore, trade frictions are inevitable.     

二十世纪战争与和平的反思和展望

本文从总结20世纪两次世界大战,特别是世界反法西斯战争胜利的角度,阐明了第二次世界大战在20世纪中的重要历史地位和对和平时代来临的积极作用。人类应当谋求世界永久和平、防止战争悲剧重演;中国是维护世界和平、制止战争的重要力量,中国应面向和平与发展振兴中华民族。     

战场频谱态势感知及频谱筹划系统

介绍了战场频谱态势感知及频谱筹划系统的系统功能、组成、工作过程、关键技术及解决途径,通过分析指出频谱态势感知及频谱筹划系统与C4ISR系统集成可提高战场频谱管理的整体能力。     

基于ActionScript3.0的坦克大战游戏的设计

《坦克大战》是一款非常经典的红白机游戏,给作者的孩童时代带来了快乐。本着重温经典的初衷,利用完全面向对象的FLASH脚本语言ActionScript3.0制作了本款游戏。本文主要介绍了游戏流程、设计过程以及在设计过程中遇到的困难和解决措施。     

对企业利用网络营销开拓市场技术的探讨

本文从网络营销的概念出发,结合作者从事网络营销的经验,对企业利用网络营销技术进行企业的产品推广和销售做了一定程度的探讨,并结合实例进行了比较系统的分析。