Residents’ perception of tourism and their satisfaction: Evidence from Mount Kilimanjaro,Tanzania

This study aimed at assessing the influence of residents’ perception of socio-cultural, economic and environmental impacts of tourism on their overall satisfaction with tourism. The moderation effect of residents’ tourism economic dependency was also tested within these relationships. Using a structured questionnaire, data were collected from 160 residents living along the Mount Kilimanjaro climbing routes. Moderated multiple linear regression was used to test the hypotheses. The findings show that, generally, the residents are positive about the impacts of tourism in their areas, and that perceived economic and environmental impacts of tourism significantly influence residents’ overall satisfaction with tourism. However, tourism economic dependency appears not to moderate the influence of perceived economic, social-cultural, and environmental impacts on residents’ overall satisfaction with tourism. The study results offer implications to mountain destination managers on the use of perceived impacts of tourism in enhancing the residents’ overall satisfaction as a means to sustainable tourism.     

Why is change so slow? Assessing prospects for United Nations Security Council reform

The article explores how changed patterns of UN membership affected the prospects for UN Security Council institutional reform. First, we outline a theoretical framework based on path dependency, veto player analysis and social choice theory. Second, we offer calculations of decision probability and show that a higher voting threshold lowers chances of winning coalitions in a non-linear fashion. Third, we explore the specific decision-making procedures for UNSC reform and which actors can block reform. We conclude that not only diverging preferences, but that hurdles established early on combined with membership growth have ‘locked in’ the current institutional arrangement.     

A sufficient and necessary condition for arbitrage-free pricing

This paper derives a sufficient and necessary condition for arbitrage-free pricing, by the mathematical definition of linear dependency. It states that any pricing function that can be expressed as a linear combination of some of its partial derivatives inherently possesses the arbitrage-free property. This condition can serve as a quick ‘reality check’ to help search for arbitrage-free asset pricing.     

Scheduling-capable autonomic manager for policy-based IT change management system

Managing large IT environments is expensive and labour intensive. Maintaining and upgrading with minimal disruption and administrative support has always been a challenging task for system administrators. One challenge faced by IT administrators is arriving at schedules for applying one or more change requests to one of the system components. Most of the time, the impact analysis of the proposed changes is done by humans and is often laborious and error-prone. Although this methodology might be suitable to handle changes that are planned way ahead in time, it is completely inappropriate for changes that need to be done sooner. In addition, such manual handling does not scale well with the size of the IT infrastructure. In this article, the focus is on the problem of scheduling change requests in the presence of organisational policies governing the use of its resources. The authors propose two approaches for change management scheduling and present the implementation details of two prototypes that prove the feasibility of the proposed approaches. Their implementation is integrated with an autonomic manager which they had described in their earlier work.     

数据库范式应用实例剖析

范式是符合某一种级别的关系模式的集合。最基本的数据库范式有三个,第一范式(1NF),第二范式(2NF)和第三范式(3NF)。文章介绍了范式相关概念、1范式和2范式存在的问题和模式分解的方法。文章首先给出一个达到1范式的关系模式,分析里面存在的函数依赖,并分析了该模式存在的诸多问题。然后将此1范式分解为若干2范式。进而将2范式转换成若干3范式。通过模式分解在一定程度上解决了1NF存在的数据冗余大和插入异常、删除异常及其修改异常等问题。     

Financial benefits and risks of dependency in triadic supply chain relationships

The economic consequences of interdependent relationships with suppliers and customers have long been of interest to supply chain managers and academics alike. Whereas previous studies have focused on the benefits or risks of embedded relationships that accrue to buying firms, this study simultaneously investigates the effects of a supplier's and a customer's embeddedness, arising from resource dependency, on a focal firm's financial performance in triadic supply chain relationships. Using 1,144 unique focal firm-years for U.S. firms from Compustat, we find that a supplier's and a customer's dependency both increase the focal firm's performance in terms of return on assets (ROA) and return on sales (ROS) by increasing asset turnover (ATO). As levels of supplier and customer dependency on the focal firm increase, however, the economic benefits of customer dependency diminish beyond a certain point, while those of supplier dependency continue to increase above that threshold. Thus, our findings show the paradoxically differing risks of the supplier's versus the customer's dependency, while establishing the unequivocal economic benefits of supplier and customer relations for focal firms in the middle of concentrated triadic relationships.     

Beyond Philanthropy: Community Enterprise as a Basis for Corporate Citizenship

In this article we argue that the emergence of a new form of organization – community enterprise – provides an alternative mechanism for corporations to behave in socially responsible ways. Community enterprises are distinguished from other third sector organisations by their generation of income through trading, rather than philanthropy and/or government subsidy, to finance their social goals. They also include democratic governance structures which allow members of the community or constituency they serve to participate in the management of the organisation. Partnerships between corporations and community enterprises therefore raise the possibility of corporations moving beyond philanthropic donations toward a more sustainable form of intervention involving long-term commitments to communities. At the same time they change substantively the nature of any collaboration by allowing relationships to proceed on the basis of mutual advantage, thereby broadening their appeal and scope. In doing so, partnerships build capacity and enfranchise communities in a way that avoids the paternalism that has traditionally characterised relationships between corporations and voluntary sector organisations. Power relations are transformed because partners are seen as sources of valuable assets, knowledge and expertise, rather than recipients of patronage or charity.     

人口红利、劳动力素质与中长期经济增长的关联

在我国经济增长方式转型情况下,劳动力年龄的人口规模、质量及其储蓄水平对未来经济增长具有重大影响。将人口特征变量引入对我国中长期经济增长的分析,结果表明,在人口红利逐渐消失和发展方式转变背景下,提高劳动力素质以强化直接影响是保障我国未来经济增长最有效的措施。     

以人本思想改造“无人”教育观念

高举技术理性旗帜的现代教育由于缺乏人文关怀,造就了单向依赖的教育观念,被喻为"无人"教育。本文从人本思想出发,剖析教育者与被教育者之间的辨证作用,并试着从两者的交流来改造单向依赖教育观念。     

试析现代社会的网络依赖现象

随着大众传播的日益发达,社会个体与群体的生存与发展越来越多地依赖于媒介。随着网络对社会生活方方面面的渗透,人们对以网络为载体的媒介也产生了前所未有的依赖关系。因而,了解当代受众的媒介依赖尤其是网络依赖状况,分析依赖原因,提出解决方案,也就成为一种必要。