Role of search for domain knowledge and architectural knowledge in alliance partner selection

Research Summary: The literature on technological alliances emphasizes that search for knowledge drives alliance formation. However, in conceptualizing technological knowledge, prior work on alliances has not made a distinction between domain knowledge—knowledge that firms possess in distinct technological domains—and architectural knowledge—knowledge that firms possess about how to combine elements from different technological domains. We argue that firms seek partners that are similar in domain knowledge to deepen their knowledge, and partners that are dissimilar in architectural knowledge to broaden their knowledge. Our results indicate that the likelihood of alliance formation increases when two firms are similar in domain knowledge and dissimilar in architectural knowledge. Further, our results show that these effects are positively moderated by the degree of decomposability of a firm's knowledge base. Managerial Summary: In dynamic environments, companies need to continually deepen and broaden their technological knowledge, and they often look for alliance partners who can provide them that knowledge. For knowledge deepening, companies are more likely to form alliances with those companies that have expertise in similar technological fields. For knowledge broadening, they are more likely to form alliances with those companies that have expertise in the same technological fields, but have different recipes for combining knowledge from those fields. Furthermore, a company with a modular knowledge base is more likely to seek a partner that has expertise in similar technological fields or whose recipes for combining knowledge from different technological fields are different from the recipes it has.     

Tourism,tourist learning and sustainability: an exploratory discussion of complexities,problems and opportunities

Learning is often a central element of tourism. Tourists can learn actively, i.e. with a specific purpose, as well as passively through the comparison of values, norms and customs. It has been argued that travel supports active learning that has positive outcomes for sustainability, for instance, in the context of conservation. Yet, the complexity of active and passive learning processes and their outcomes for environmental sustainability and sustainable lifestyles remain insufficiently understood. Against this background, the paper discusses selected learning outcomes for transportation (air travel), accommodation (hotels) and activities (theme park visits). Findings suggest that “desirable” learning (defined as pro-sustainable development learning) in tourism may be very limited, while in particular, passive learning processes which redefine social norms frequently have outcomes that are largely detrimental to sustainable lifestyles. They include forms of moral licensing, the diffusion of responsibilities as well as the attenuation of the negative consequences of travel. Given the economic, social and cultural importance of tourism vís-a-vís its global implications for environmental sustainability, learning outcomes in tourism deserve to be studied in greater detail, while strategies need to be devised to enhance sustainable learning effects.     

一种基于自适应相似矩阵的谱聚类算法

为了消除在构建谱聚类算法的相似矩阵时,高斯核函数中尺度参数的波动影响,构建了一种自适应相似矩阵,并应用到谱聚类算法中。自适应相似矩阵中数据点间的距离度量采用测地距离算法,相距较近的两点间的距离近似于欧氏距离,相距较远的两点则先根据欧氏距离得到每个数据点的k个近邻点,然后累加近邻点的测地距离,由此得到每对数据点间的最短距离。两点间的局部密度用共享近邻的定义来表示,更好地刻画了数据集的本征结构。在5个人工数据集和国际通用UCI数据库中的5个真实数据集上进行实验。实验结果表明,所提算法的聚类准确率高于对比算法的准确率,对复杂分布数据有很强的自适应能力。研究成果为数据挖掘及机器学习提供了思路和方法。     

基于《旅游学刊》关键词计量分析的旅游学科创新力及知识体系构建

既有研究有少量以关键词为研究对象来探讨旅游学科相关信息,然鲜见对学科创新力及知识体系演变与构建的研究。文章以《旅游学刊》2000—2014年载文的书写关键词为研究对象,运用文献计量可视化软件CiteSpace进行数据统计分析,结合内容分析,创新性地将学科创新力测评及知识体系演变结合研究。结果显示：（1）学科创新潜力、创新活力和创新保持力分呈变异V形和倒V形,除2000—2004年的创新潜力和创新活力变化稍大外,2000—2004年的创新保持力、2005—2009年及2010—2014年的各项创新力较为稳定;（2）学科知识体系演变由学科内容及方法的演变来展现,内容为数量-质量-精神层次的演变,方法为质性方法-量化方法-质与量结合的演变;（3）构建由研究内容、方法及目的3大部分组成的旅游学科知识体系框架。文章探讨以《旅游学刊》单一期刊为研究对象,理论建构依据的是“分析性归纳”,强调的是“典型性”,反映的是“高水准旅游学术刊物”这一同质化范围内。     

A theoretical framework of electronic word-of-mouth against the backdrop of social networking websites

This study proposed and tested a theoretical framework that explains electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) against the backdrop of social networking websites (SNWs), which have gained substantial popularity among travelers. In particular, a United States (US) nationwide online survey was conducted and nine hypotheses were tested. The findings suggest that willingness to share knowledge and switching costs are positively related to eWOM communication. In addition, customer value (utilitarian) has positive relationships with willingness to share knowledge, perceived security, and switching cost, while customer value (hedonic) has positive relationships with willingness to share knowledge and switching costs. Last but not least, the findings indicate that perceived security does negatively impact eWOM. In light of the major findings, the article sets forth strategic implications for travel-related social networking websites.     

Market knowledge of the travel industry from knowledge-based view: a case of two Taiwanese travel agencies

There has been a lack of comprehensive model elaborating the key dimensions of knowledge management in the tourism field. Based on market orientation literature, market knowledge could be illustrated from consumer and competitor dimensions. However, what knowledge topics are in these two dimensions (e.g. knowledge depth) or do any dimensions of market knowledge exist (e.g. knowledge breadth)? These questions can be clearly answered. Drawing on knowledge-based view of firms, this study explores market knowledge from four characteristics: depth, breadth, tacitness, and specificity. It seeks to contribute to the existing literature through a series of semi-structured interviews and behavioral observation with senior managers of Taiwan’s leading travel agencies. Four market knowledge categories emerge: customer knowledge, employee knowledge, competitor knowledge, and partner knowledge. It is suggested that high levels exist as to the importance of knowledge acquisition, classification, dissemination, and usage, and this represents a significant change over past findings.     

企业隐性知识管理研究述评

知识经济时代呼唤有效的知识管理,隐性知识作为企业知识的主体和企业创新的原动力,正扮演着越来越重要的角色。本文从隐性知识的内涵与分类、特性与测评、转化与共享等方面对近几年国内外企业隐性知识管理的研究成果进行综述,并分析了目前企业隐性知识管理研究中存在的问题。     

文化距离对我国企业国际化空间导向的影响——以纺织企业为例

既有的研究表明,文化距离是企业国际化过程中的重要因素。本文以我国纺织企业为例,对文化距离与我国企业国际化空间导向的相关性进行了度量。研究结论是,文化距离是我国企业国际化空间导向的重要维度,但由于我国企业有其自身的特点,因而影响方式和程度与其他国家有所区别。     

社会资本对公共项目管理绩效影响的实证研究——以知识共享为中介变量

社会资本作为公共项目的客观情景因素,能够弥补公共项目中正式制度的不足并改善项目管理绩效。文章分析了社会资本三个维度对管理绩效的影响,围绕着公共项目管理绩效的可控影响因素,引入知识共享作为中介变量,在公共项目中构建出“社会资本→中介变量→公共项目管理绩效”的假设模型,并依此完成实证研究。结构方程模型（SEM）的验证结果表明,在社会资本与公共项目管理绩效之间的作用关系中,知识共享充当了中介变量的角色,社会资本各构面在不同程度上对公共项目管理绩效产生间接的正效应。     

社会距离对大学生道德判断的影响

目的：基于解释水平理论,探讨社会距离是否影响大学生的道德判断,为高校对学生进行道德教育和人格塑造提供心理学依据。方法：采用内隐联想测验（Implicit Association Test,IAT）研究范式,随机抽取63名宁夏大学本科生进行实验。结果：被试在相容任务下的平均反应时显著短于在不相容任务下的平均反应时（t=-4.192,df=59,P〈0.001）;女生在相容任务下的平均反应时显著短于男生在相容任务下的平均反应时（F（1,58）=10.27,P〈0.05）,男女生的IAT效应值存在显著性差异（t=-2.286,df=58,P〈0.05）。结论：大学生的道德判断受到社会距离的影响。大学生倾向于将积极道德词与熟人联结,而将消极道德词与陌生人联结。此外,社会距离对大学生道德判断的影响存在性别差异。