生产分工视角的中国对美国货物出口竞争力验证

考虑生产分工对中美间经贸联系程度、贸易规模和结构的影响,基于生产分工下价值链视角,构建出口竞争力测度指标体系,验证中国对美国货物出口竞争力。结果显示:2016年及之前,中国仅在杂项制品大类上,对美国显示出较强出口竞争力,机械和运输设备、动物和植物油、油脂和蜡我国具有比较优势,化学成品及有关产品、按原料分类的制成品双方竞争性较强,其余大类上,中国对美国出口竞争力不具优势。引入其他国家作对比的分析结果表明:中国对对比国家均无显著出口竞争力,而且对美国出口具有单价优势的资本技术密集型产品,对这些国家出口多缺乏单价优势,而2017年以来对美国和对比国家的贸易变化,进一步勾画出中国对美国货物出口竞争力不足。在生产分工主导全球产业发展背景下,提升我国在全球生产分工中的参与地位,宜强化自主技术研发、提升外资质量和技术外溢、加快"走出去"学习先进技术。     

Leadership in agricultural machinery circles: experimental evidence from Tajikistan

Leadership is critical for the viability of rural groups. The way in which leadership is legitimised can mediate leader and group member behaviour in the face of social dilemmas. Yet there has been scant research on leader‐follower dynamics in naturally occurring groups. Highlighting the case of agricultural machinery circles in Tajikistan, the effect of leading by example on investments to a collective good is studied in a framed field experiment. To increase realism, and contrary to standard economic experiments, this investment is a voucher allowing the group to make a real‐world machinery purchase at reduced costs. Two treatments manipulate leaders’ legitimisation. Elected leaders achieve 30 per cent higher contributions to the collective investment against a baseline version without a leader. Contributions remain, on average, relatively stable over the course of the game. The results are discussed with reference to the debate on external intervention in agricultural producer organisations.     

论公共产品理论与劳动价值论的耦合及其意义

传统劳动价值论对商品范围的界定存在局限。如果把所有能够满足人们需要的用来交换的劳动成果,不管是有形的还是无形的都视为商品,商品就包括私人商品和公共商品(产品)两大类,基于这一认识,实现公共商品(产品)理论与劳动价值论的耦合,不仅有助于丰富、完善劳动价值论,使之经济解释力增强,而且有助于丰富、完善公共产品理论,使之真正成为财政学的理论基础。     

清朝中期洋货进口对中国消费生活产生的影响

虽然中国传统消费方式的转型发生于近代,但实际上在清朝中期洋货进口就已经对中国居民消费生活产生一定的冲击,使一些居民的消费方式发生变化。本文对清朝中期洋货进口对中国居民消费生活产生的影响进行考察,以揭示出当时洋货进口对中国居民消费方式变迁所产生的影响。     

对农村公共产品供给效率的再思考——从政府职责划分与支出分配视角的分析

农村公共产品供给中的一个基本问题是如何划分各级政府在农村公共产品供给中的职责范围与财力分配,明确农村公共产品由谁（中央或地方政府）提供更具优势和更有效率。本文从阐述公共产品供给基本理论入手,揭示农村公共产品中地方政府的优势地位,认为政府职责划分不清和支出分配错位是农村公共产品供给效率低下的重要症结之一,提出应重新界定各级政府在农村公共产品供给中的事权范围,明确与之相匹配的财力保障,从而提高农村公共产品供给效率。     

Agriculture and global climate stabilization: a public good analysis

The stabilization of global climate presents one of the most complex problems in public good provision the world has faced. Continuation of “business as usual” policies, leading to warming of more than 2 degrees over the next year, will produce significant damage to agricultural systems and catastrophic damage to the natural ecosystems that ultimately support agriculture. The best solution to the public goods problem is a “contract and converge” agreement in which the ultimate outcome is a common global entitlement to CO₂ emissions per person.     

Optimal taxation and growth with public goods and costly enforcement

This paper studies optimal direct and indirect taxation in an endogenous growth framework with a productive public good and costly tax collection. Optimal (growth-maximizing) tax rules are derived under exogenous collection costs. The optimal direct–indirect tax ratio is shown to be negatively related to the administrative costs of collecting these taxes, as documented in cross-country data. This result also holds under endogenous collection costs (with these costs inversely related to administrative spending on tax enforcement), but for these to generate significant effects on tax collection requires implausibly high degrees of efficiency in spending, or the allocation of a large fraction of resources to tax enforcement. Depending on how it is financed, the latter policy may entail adverse effects on growth. Improving ‘tax culture’ and the sense of civic duty through greater budgetary transparency may be a more effective policy to improve tax collection and promote economic growth.     

宅基地整治对农村耐用消费品购买影响分析

研究目的：在宅基地整治内涵分析的基础上,以农村家庭为单位,分析了宅基地整治对农村耐用消费品购买的影响。研究方法：建立多元线性回归模型,测算宅基地整治对农村家庭耐用消费品的影响因素及其显著性关系。研究结果：新房面积、社保覆盖情况、人均纯收入和家庭生命周期对家庭耐用消费品购买具有正向影响,宅基地置换剩余金额对家庭耐用消费品购买具有负向影响;其中新房面积和家庭人均纯收入的影响最为显著。研究结论：宅基地整治对增加家庭耐用消费品投资、改变农村消费结构和扩大国内消费需求具有显著作用。     

城市准公共物品市场化运作的困境分析——以城市污水治理为例

我国许多城市已进行了准公共物品市场化运作的改革,以城市污水治理为例,指出我国城市准公共物品市场化运作中存在的问题,从城市准公共物品市场化运作的前提条件、城市准公共物品的定价和市场化运作的环境方面探讨了"市场失灵"的原因,并得出相应的结论和对策。     

基于能力本位的物流商品养护技术课程考核评价模式改革的思考

从教育的本质来看,对学生的考试不是目的,而是检验学生对所学知识的掌握程度,有效促进学生全面发展的手段和措施之一。当前,高职教育的某些课程考核模式存在与社会对高职人才的需求及高职人才培养目标的能力本位要求诸多不适的问题。文中以《物流商品养护技术》课程为例,介绍了高职教育课程考核模式改革的思路。