东部沿海地区利用FDI能力比较研究

由于巨大的国内市场需求、有竞争力的“制造成本”以及入世后服务业领域的相继开放政策,中国已经成为全球外商直接投资的主要吸收国,但各地区在利用外资能力上表现很不平衡。如何评价各地区利用外资的能力,具有重要的政策含义。本文认为一个地区利用外资能力由其获取外资能力和运用外资能力两个层面决定。基于此,我们提出一套评估地区利用外资能力的指标体系,然后通过因子分析,对东部沿海地区8个省市利用FDI能力进行评估和比较。政策含义在于提升利用外资能力应当从获取外资能力和运用外资能力两个方面进行。     

欧元之父--罗伯特·蒙代尔的经济学贡献

蒙代尔是最优货币区域理论的首创者,他分析了不同汇率体制下财政政策与货币政策的合理配置理论,从货币角度研究国际收支理论及供给学理论,促成了欧元的出台,被尊称为"欧元之父".蒙代尔对中国改革和发展给予了高度关注,并提出许多有益的建议.     

Energy taxation in Southern Europe: The case of Portugal

We investigate whether or not the imposition of a common EC energy-tax will penalize more the poorer Southern European economies and if this will harm convergence at the EC level. We start by surveying briefly the existing studies and empirical evidence. Then we exploit the results obtained when using the macroeconometric HERMES models to simulate the introduction of an energy-tax. Unfortunately, as we only have HERMES results for one Southern European economy, Portugal, our conclusions are limited. Finally, we investigate convergence in Europe and the effects of energy taxation on convergence. We conclude that energy taxation will harm growth all over the EC, penalizing more one of the less developed countries, Portugal, and having most probably adverse effects on convergence.This paper was prepared for presentation at the Conference Energy Tax in Europe organized jointly by the SEO-University of Amsterdam and the DG XII of the CEC and held in Amsterdam on 13th December 1991. I would like to thank the participants in the Conference and two anonymous referees for helpful comments. Of course, the usual disclaimer applies.     

河北下营坊花岗斑岩铜成矿作用标志

下营坊花岗斑岩产于燕山台褶带的兴隆—宽城凹褶束内，系燕山期小岩株，属钙碱性系列，具壳幔混源成因，岩石蚀变强烈，并可见孔雀石化。岩石中钾长石有序度高，科长石Ａｎ＝２５－３５，黑云母均为镁质，副矿物为磁铁矿—榍石—磷灰石型。成矿元素Ｃｕ、Ａｎ与ＣａＯ和Ｓ显著正相关，与ＳｉＯ２反相关。Ｋ２Ｏ与Ｎａ２Ｏ反相关．Ｋ２Ｏ／Ｎａ２Ｏ＞１，Ｆｅ３＋／（Ｆｅ３＋Ｆｅ２＋）＝０．５３，σ＜３，（Ｌ／Ｓｍ）＝５．７３，（Ｌａ／Ｙｂ）Ｎ＝２１．４，δＥｕ＝－０．３０。ＣＵ和Ａｕ丰度高，变化幅度大，并且Ｃｕ与深度正相关显著。各种特征均与世界上Ｃｕ—Ａｕ成矿岩体相符。有关成矿性图解和数理统计分析亦证明下营坊岩体为成矿告体。     

Privatization and contaminated site remediation in Central and Eastern Europe: Do environmental liability policies matter?

This paper examines the effects on site remediation decisions after state-owned firms have been privatized of providing environmental information to potential investors and undertaking site remediation planning prior to privatization. The literature suggests that to minimize distortions created by uncertain environmental problems, governments should invest in environmental information for potential investors, inventory problems and develop plans for remediation. One of the believed benefits is a higher probability of site remediation, because with uncertainty resolved potential conflicts after privatization are less likely. Few countries in Central Europe, which has experienced both environmental problems and privatization on enormous scales, have adopted this advice. Using firm-level data, empirical analysis is presented, which suggests providing only information to investors is insufficient to spur remediation. Inventorying site contamination and planning remediation prior to privatization is a much more effective measure. Combining provision of information with remediation planning is found to be the most powerful policy package for encouraging remediation.     

Capital needs in Eastern countries

This paper reviews estimated capital needs for Eastern Europe and rejects most of the claimed foreign capital contributions as too high and, in fact, unnecessary. It argues that whilst foreign investments may usefully assist reforms, they can neither substitute for reforms nor assure the success of reforms. Historically there is no evidence of sustained growth predominantly financed by foreign capital anywhere. The West's effort should therefore focus on assisting reform efforts, providing some capital but, above all, opening its markets to Eastern products.Opinions expressed in this paper are strictly personal. I would like to thank H. Handler for his comments.     

Implementation of land and ecosystem accounts at the European Environment Agency

The European Environment Agency has started the implementation of a programme of land use and ecosystem accounts, following the System of Environmental and Economic Accounts (SEEA) guidelines of the United Nations. The purpose is to integrate information across the various ecosystem components and to support further assessments and modelling of these components and their interactions with economic and social developments. This programme reflects the increasing demand for environmental policy integration in Europe, both vertically through thematic policies as well as horizontally across policies in those sectors that contribute most to environmental impacts. The construction of land and ecosystem accounts is now feasible due to continuous improvements in monitoring, collecting and processing data and progress with the development of statistical methods that facilitate data assimilation and integration. The accounts are based on explicit spatial patterns provided by comprehensive land cover accounts that can be scaled up and down using a 1 km² grid to any type of administrative region or ecosystem zone (e.g., river basin catchments, coastal zones or bio-geographic areas). Land cover accounts have been produced for 24 countries in Europe and first results published in the European Environment State and Outlook2005 report of the EEA.¹     

The establishment-size wage premium: evidence from European countries

This study examines the magnitude and determinants of the establishment-size wage premium in five European countries using a unique harmonised matched employer–employee data set (the 1995 European Structure of Earnings Survey). This data set enables to test the validity of various traditional explanations of the size wage gap (i.e. the labour quality hypothesis, the theory of compensating wage differentials, the role of monitoring and institutions) and of more recent hypotheses (i.e. size differences in job stability and in the concentration of skilled workers). We find some support for traditional explanations, but there remains a significant wage premium for workers employed in large establishments. Further results indicate that the magnitude of this premium fluctuates substantially across countries and appears to be negatively correlated with the degree of corporatism.     

欧洲荒野景观再野化的发展与启示

欧洲荒野景观再野化是全球荒野保护运动中的创新典范，建立在人与自然和谐共存的自然生态观上，构建出引人瞩目的具有21世纪特色的保护思路。其经历了从目标驱动为主导到恢复再野化发展的保护理念转变，该过程将保护运动升级到整个生态系统，并提出“基于自然的解决方案”，显示出欧洲国家对土地利用的创新思考。在分析欧洲荒野保护发展历程后，以“欧洲再野化”(Rewilding Europe)项目为切入点，介绍其发展理念，梳理其主体建构、合作机制及政策导向，以期丰富国际荒野保护的研究，并为中国构建荒野保护理念及体系提供参考。     

Investments,Credit, and Corporate Financial Distress: Evidence from Central and Eastern Europe

Although they are instrumental for economic development, productivity-enhancing corporate investments may increase the financial vulnerability of companies, especially in an economic and financial crisis. We employ an instrumental probit model with the aim of finding evidence for the investment and credit patterns that led companies into financial distress during the global financial crisis 2009–2010. The company-level micro-data for our study on three Central and East European countries—Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania and two Baltic countries, Latvia and Lithuania—originates from two independent surveys, the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey conducted in 2008 and the Financial Crisis Survey conducted in 2009/2010. Both were carried out jointly by the EBRD and the World Bank. Our results emphasize a substantial adverse impact from investment intensity and debt financing on company financial soundness during a crisis. On top of that, we discover a strong non-linear pattern in the sensitivity of company distress to its investment-financing nexus.