先收费后服务对消费者心理的影响

收费时机是定价策略的一个重要组成部分，企业采用先收费的定价策略容易忽略消费者的感受，对品牌关系、态度及行为、甚至对企业的长期利益都可能带来不利影响。本文探讨了先收费对消费者心理的影响机制，并从消费者和企业关系规范的角度提出先收费具体契合哪种社会规范，发现当先收费不符合预期惯例时，消费者的感知风险提高、感知价值（包括感知体贴和感知信任）受损，且便利感受下降，进而影响其态度和行为意愿。所以，先收费被更多地认为是传递了企业想要与消费者建立交易型关系而非互惠型关系的信号。     

Entrepreneurial renewal in a peripheral region: the case of a winter automotive-testing cluster in Sweden

This research paper generates new insights into renewal processes that may occur in peripheral regions. Key findings are presented from an explorative study on a regionally clustered automotive-testing industry, located in northern Sweden. The findings suggest that despite theoretically unfavourable conditions it is possible to progress regional industry after a peripheral setting's socio-economic relapses. Moreover, this research shows how, notwithstanding the importance of profitable service offerings, an entrepreneurial environment can be encouraged within a peripheral region and subsequent renewal achieved by advancing local networks, improving internationalization and enhancing local infrastructures related to a service-based regional industry. Consequently this research offers us a glimpse into a pioneering service-based renewal case which, in essence, differs from previously reported entrepreneurship scholarship.     

创业团队研究动态探讨

创业团队日益普遍的出现和存在,其创业绩效要好于个体创业的创业绩效,创业团队的组成是以情感的纽带为基础、为起始,以专长的互补为辅、为继。创业团队是有领导的。     

In what sense ‘regional development?’: entrepreneurship,underdevelopment and strong tradition in the periphery

This paper explores whether entrepreneurship can help less successful regions to improve their regional economic situation, without all the benefits that entrepreneurship brings when being ‘stripped out’ to more successful regions. The paper uses the idea that peripheral regions possess qualities of tradition and underdevelopment, and that these help to anchor new firms into these regions, resistant to their concentration in core regions. The paper explores whether particular entrepreneurial events can be regarded as ‘densifying’ the regional entrepreneurial environment, thereby making a positive contribution to its economic development. The paper explores the role of these negative anchors to the entrepreneurial events and the densification process by following a sequence of high-technology spin-out firms in the North East of England. Using a realist methodology attempting to interview all the firms within the sequence which could be found, the paper discovers that quite positive advantages exist within these negative qualities.The paper then considers whether these processes, such as plant closure, might drive entrepreneurship in all regions.     

Business incomes in rural Nicaragua: the role of household resources,location, experience and trust

This paper analyses the determinants of business income for rural households in Nicaragua. A sample of 1030 households was studied in order to assess the importance of material and behavioural factors that influence income from business activity. The households are involved in manufacturing, trade, services or have a mixture of businesses. They generally have a low income and asset value. Households supplement their income from wages and agricultural activities. To estimate non-farm business income per employed person we analyse the impact of resources, location, entrepreneurial experience and trust. Our results show that household resources and entrepreneurial experience are significant determinants for business income in all sectors. Trust is also important, particularly generalized trust. The contribution of other forms of trust, such as institutional trust, depends on the sector in which households participate.     

创业导向对企业绩效影响实证分析

创业导向作为一种实现企业绩效的潜在手段,是当前创业研究的一个发展方向。创业导向不仅仅是利用机会开展创新活动,而且还包括在创新的基础上开展超前行动和积极竞争以获得竞争优势。同时创业导向的各种特性分别对创业企业绩效产生影响。以应对环境不确定性及复杂性的思维模式和行为方式,有利于企业在动荡环境中的生存与成长。     

Organizational types and leadership roles

Certain managerial functions are necessary or of greater importance in certain organizations. The following relations between organization types and leadership roles are hypothesized: expert organizations and producers, bureaucratic organizations and administrators, group organizations and integrators, and task organizations and entrepreneurs. The analysis shows that striving for results and achieving goals (i.e. producer role) is a role requirement that appears in all types of organization, whereas integrating behavior was required as a secondary requirement, again in all four types of organization. It was also found that the union stewards overestimated their leaders’ efficacy as administrators and entrepreneurs, whereas the leaders themselves overestimated their own efficacy as producers and integrators. The leader’s length of service with the organization reduces the inclination towards the producer role, but is conducive to the role of administrator.     

Identifying an Advertisement Presenter's Tribe

ABSTRACT

In African countries it is generally important to identify another person's tribe when meeting that person for the first time. A similar process of identification also seems to take place when a consumer sees a presenter in an advertisement. This paper identifies the cues that are used in tribal identification, demonstrates that multiple cues are employed, and shows that nonvisual cues are generally more important than visual ones. It also finds that audience members notice a presenter's tribe more frequently in advertisements appearing on television than in those appearing in print or outdoor media. The managerial implications of these findings are discussed.     

Optimized Software Licensing – Combining License Types in a License Portfolio

Although software licenses usually range among the most expensive items within the IT budget, they still lack the necessary attention by many companies. Therefore, most companies inadequately have implemented their software asset management neglecting further potential for cost reduction, which can be obtained by optimizing the use of different license types. This paper shows how possible savings can be realized by combining different types of licenses in a license portfolio. The model presented is based on the most common license types considering different user groups as well as their behavior. Additionally to cost risks, the risk of service quality is also taken into consideration. The following examples illustrate the model’s high relevance and show how it can be applied in practice. Accepted after two revisions by Prof. Dr. Hasenkamp. This article is also available in German in print and via http://www.wirtschaftsinformatik.de: Gull D, Wehrmann A (2009) Optimierte Softwarelizenzierung – Kombinierte Lizenztypen im Lizenzportfolio. WIRTSCHAFTSINFORMATIK. doi: 10.1007/11576-009-0182-x.     

论长株潭“两型”社会建设视野下生态道德意识的培养

长株潭＂两型＂社会建设的本质就是实现生态化发展,而实现生态化发展最根本最有效地手段是提高全体社会成员生态道德意识。为此,要从政府决策宏观层次、企业中观层次和社会公众微观层次三方面来提高生态道德意识,同时,还应发挥学校教育在环境道德意识培养中的特殊作用以及加强环保部门组织协调作用。