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31.
Assessing Voluntary Programs to Improve Environmental Quality 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5
The last decade has seen a dramatic increase in the use of voluntaryapproaches (VAs) to environmental protection, which has
spurned agrowing literature on the relative merits of voluntary vs. mandatoryapproaches. This paper draws on that literature
to discuss both thetheoretical and empirical issues that arise in the evaluation orassessment of a particular VA. We consider
both the environmentaleffectiveness and the efficiency of this policy approach. Our aim is toaid policymakers in evaluating
a specific program or in thinking aboutthe use and design of a VA. We identify some key features that arelikely to increase
both the effectiveness and the efficiency of VAs. 相似文献
32.
J.K. Horowitz 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2002,21(3):241-258
Environmental economics has been much occupied with the discount rate, which is the value of future costs and benefits relative to present costsor benefits. But at least as important is the question of whatshould be discounted, that is, what the value of those future environmentalbenefits is to future generations. This paper analyzes the role for futurepreferences and discusses the state of knowledge. I argue that theappropriate discount rate is the market one, and that the real problemis determining future willingness-to-pay. This approach makes clearerthe connection between discounting and the valuation debate.This paper focuses on two features that have been prominent in that debate:existence value and reference dependence. I argue that thereis a vital connection between the two constructs and that this link yieldsimportant implications for future willingness-to-pay. 相似文献
33.
Protecting human health is a primary goal of environmental policy and economic evaluation of health can help policy-makers judge the relative worth of alternative actions. Economists use two distinct approaches in normatively evaluating health. Whereas environmental economists use benefit-cost analysis supported by monetary valuation in terms of willingness-to-pay, health economists evaluate interventions based on cost-effectiveness or cost-utility analysis (CEA), using quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) or similar indexes. This paper provides background on the controversy about the relative merits of these approaches and introduces the remaining papers in the special issue. These papers (with one exception) were presented at a conference sponsored by the Department of Economics at the University of Central Florida with support from the US Environmental Protection Agency. Although CEA might not lead to substantially different implications for environmental policy than benefit-cost analysis, and QALY may provide a benefit transfer tool to fill gaps in the morbidity valuation literature, the papers in this issue raise serious concerns about the suitability of QALY-based CEA for environmental regulatory analysis. QALY does not in general appropriately represent individual preferences for health and CEA is neither independent of income distribution nor adequate to assess efficiency. 相似文献
34.
本文分析了我国农村存在的环境问题,从经济学角度分析了农村环境问题产生的原因,并提出了农村环境问题的治理措施与途径:消除其公共物品性和外部性。 相似文献
35.
夏芸 《生态经济(学术版)》2006,(3):53-55
随着经济的发展,社会环境与经济发展矛盾日益尖锐,在科学发展观下建立绿色税收体系的提出正是为了顺应社会发展趋势,为缓解和解决这一矛盾提供有效的途径。 相似文献
36.
在经济高速增长的同时,环境保护与经济发展二者之间相互促进、相互制约,相互矛盾而又相互统一。在资源有限的前提下,如何达到经济发展与环境保护和谐的模式,本文通过分析西部开发对自然环境及经济环境的影响以及环境的改变对经济环境所产生的影响,得出经济发展与环境呈正相关的因果关系,通过对目前经济开发与环保之间现有模式的分析,构建了经济与环境并重和谐发展的模型。 相似文献
37.
张承鑫 《生态经济(学术版)》2006,(11):133-135
如何建设节约型社会是时下舆论讨论的热点问题之一,正确处理好经济发展与环境保护也是建设和谐社会的核心命题之一。本文通过分析晋江市工业垃圾治理模式如何由靠牺牲环境为代价的粗放型模式—模式Ⅰ,向封闭的、可循环的集约型模式—模式Ⅱ转变,证明经济发展与环境保护是完全可以协调统一的;同时,通过分析模式Ⅱ的不足,进一步引入排污权交易理论,结合晋江市的实际情况,创造性地提出了具有实用性和通用性的垃圾治理方式——模式Ⅲ。 相似文献
38.
This paper investigates the link between trade and environment by exploring the effects of green tariffs on innovation, location of production and the environment. It shows that tariffs levied on polluting goods could result in less world pollution than global harmonization of environmental standards by inducing more pollution-abatement R&D effort and generating lower unit emissions from production. Specifically, green tariffs reduce pollution by (1) shifting production to the region where environmental standards are respected, (2) inducing the firm in the clean country to engage in more abatement R&D by granting it a higher market power/share in its home market, (3) instigating green R&D investment by deterring delocation. When these outweigh the R&D-creating effect of environmental harmonization in the dirty country, green tariffs bring about a cleaner environment. 相似文献
39.
从制造业的角度出发,分析了政府对环境管制(ER)的两种形式:正式管制(FER)和非正式管制(I-ER),建立了环境管制均衡方程,并且采用面板数据的分析方法对理论假设进行了验证。研究表明,假设的影响制造业环境管制的主要因素:政府保护意愿、劳动密集程度、产业规模、经济外向度、产业国有化程度、科技吸收转化支出和劳动力素质的高低均产生了显著的影响。 相似文献
40.
民族文化变迁对生态环境保护的影响——以云南为例 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
我国西部生态环境保护一直是各学科关注的焦点问题,但从生态环境保护的民族文化内在驱动力这一重要角度进行研究的较少。实际上,环境保护的主体是当地居民,而环境保护观念主要受到传统民族文化的影响。本文通过对云南民族文化变迁的分析,指出了对云南民族生态文化产生负面影响的因素主要来自三方面:汉文化、近现代文明、地域权力变更与“左”倾思想。最后,探讨了解决云南民族文化与生态环境保护之间的摩擦的途径。 相似文献