气候变化与中国林业碳汇政策研究综述

旨在研究气候变化与中国林业碳汇管理政策,国内外就碳汇问题的探讨和研究主要集中在碳汇背景、碳汇概念、碳汇意义、碳汇技术、碳汇市场、碳汇政策及碳汇项目等7个方面。在对已有研究的主要内容和观点进行概述的基础上,认为林业碳汇是指通过实施造林、森林管理和保护、吸收大气中二氧化碳并将其固定在植被和土壤中,从而减少大气中二氧化碳浓度的过程和活动。     

安太堡煤矿复垦区刺槐径向生长对气候因子的响应

在全球变暖的背景下,区域干旱化程度加强,严重限制了干旱和半干旱地区树木的生长。安太堡矿区位于我国农牧交错带,生态环境脆弱,对气候变化敏感。通过树木年代学研究方法,建立了安太堡煤矿复垦区人工刺槐林（Robinia pseudoacacia）的树轮宽度标准年表,树轮气候响应分析发现水分是限制研究区刺槐生长的主要因素,上一年9月至当年8月的水文年降水以及主要生长季（6～8月）的降水对树木的生长有重要的促进作用,但是当年9月降水有限制作用;生长季前冬季（12月、1月）的较高的温度也是限制刺槐径向生长的重要因素。     

The Impact of Ethics Education on Reporting Behavior

We examine the impact of an ethics education program on reporting behavior using two groups of students: fourth year Masters of Accounting students who just completed a newly instituted ethics education program, and fifth year students in the same program who did not receive the ethics program. In an experiment providing both the opportunity and motivation to misreport for more money, we design two social condition treatments – anonymity and public disclosure – to examine whether or to what extent ethical values are internalized by students. We find that when participants are anonymous, misreporting rates are nearly the same regardless of ethics program participation. However, when their reporting behavior is made public to the cohort, participants who completed the ethics program misreported at significantly lower rates than those who did not receive the ethics program. The results suggest that ethics education does not necessarily result in internalized ethical values, but it can impact ethical behavior.     

The Strength of an Accounting Firm’s Ethical Environment and the Quality of Auditors’ Judgments

This study examines the impact of the strength of an accounting firm’s ethical environment (presence and reinforcement vis-à-vis the presence of a code of conduct) on the quality of auditor judgment, across different levels of audit expertise. Using a 2 × 2 full factorial ‹between subjects’ experimental design, with audit managers and audit seniors, the impact of different levels of strength of the ethical environment on auditor judgments was assessed with a realistic audit scenario, requiring participants to make judgments in respect of an inventory writedown. Based on prior research, and as hypothesized, participants possessing greater auditing experience made higher quality technical judgments. While there were no significant differences between the quality of audit judgments made by participants in the stronger ethical environment, over-all results indicate that managers are more sensitive to differences in the strength of the ethical environment than seniors. This is consistent with the hypothesis, and with prior research which suggests that the impact of the code will only be significant if it has been bilaterally internalized by individuals. This has important implications for accounting firms and regulators, given that the International Standard on Quality Control 1, requires the communication and reinforcement of ethical principles as part of firms' quality control processes. It suggests that firms will need to carefully consider the means by which they communicate and reinforce ethical principles, as it is possible to differentially impact auditors of different rank.     

Individual and Organizational Antecedents of Misconduct in Organizations

A heterogeneous survey sample of for-profit, non-profit and government employees revealed that organizational factors but not personal characteristics were significant antecedents of misconduct and job satisfaction. Formal organizational compliance practices and ethical climate were independent predictors of misconduct, and compliance practices also moderated the relationship between ethical climate and misconduct, as well as between pressure to compromise ethical standards and misconduct. Misconduct was not predicted by level of moral reasoning, age, sex, ethnicity, job status, or size and type of organization. Demographic variables predicted job satisfaction and organizational variables added significant incremental variance. Results suggest the importance of promoting a moral organization through the words and actions of senior managers and supervisors, independent of formal mechanisms such as codes of conduct.

我国省级外国直接投资环境竞争力评价研究

改革开放以来,外国对华直接投资(FDI)迅速增长。但我国各地区吸引外国直接投资的环境竞争力存在很大差别,导致各地区吸引FDI的绩效表现出显著的非均衡性。文章基于主成分分析方法,依据我国2006年省级地区的数据,建立评价我国30个省级地区外国直接投资环境竞争力的指标体系,对我国各地区外国直接投资环境竞争力进行客观评价及比较分析,并为各地区改善其外国直接投资环境,提高其外国直接投资环境竞争力提供政策依据。     

The Heterogeneity of Socially Responsible Investment

Many writers have commented on the heterogeneity of the socially responsible investment (SRI) movement. However, few have actually tried to understand and explain it, and even fewer have discussed whether the opposite – standardisation – is possible and desirable. In this article, we take a broader perspective on the issue of the heterogeneity of SRI. We distinguish between four levels on which heterogeneity can be found: the terminological, definitional, strategic and practical. Whilst there is much talk about the definitional ambiguities of SRI, we suggest that there is actually some agreement on the definitional level. There are at least three explanations which we suggest can account for the heterogeneity on the other levels: cultural and ideological differences between different regions, differences in values, norms and ideology between various SRI stakeholders, and the market setting of SRI. Discussing the implications of the three explanations for the SRI market, we suggest that there is reason to be sceptical about the possibilities of standardisation if not standardisation is imposed top-down. Whether this kind of standardisation is desirable or not, we argue, depends on what the motives for it would be. To the extent that standardisation may facilitate the mainstreaming of SRI, it could be a good thing – but we entertain doubts about whether mainstreaming really requires standardisation.     

Stability of international climate coalitions — A comparison of transfer schemes

This paper studies the impact of pragmatic and optimal transfer schemes on the incentives for regions to join international climate agreements. With an applied model that comprises twelve world regions we investigate: (i) a benchmark without transfers, (ii) scenarios with allocation-based rules where coalition members receive tradable emission permits proportional to initial or future emissions, (iii) scenarios with outcome-based rules where the coalition surplus is distributed proportional to emissions, and (iv) a scenario based on an optimal sharing rule where the coalition surplus is distributed proportional to outside option payoffs.We find that well-designed transfer schemes can stabilise larger coalitions and increase global abatement levels. In our applied setting we find that for allocation-based and outcome-based rules only small coalitions are stable, and, in the case of grandfathered emission permits, there is no stable coalition at all. Some obstacles associated with grandfathered emission permits can be overcome by incorporating the expected growth of emissions in developing countries in the distribution of emission permits. For the optimal transfer scheme we find that larger coalitions, which include key players such as the United States and China, can be stable, but no transfer scheme is capable of stabilising the Grand Coalition.     

气候变化对德国农业的影响与相关对策

本文分析和研究了气候变化对德国农业和林业的正反两方面的影响,肯定了德国农业和林业对气候保护、减少温室气体排放的积极作用。阐述了德国为减少温室气体排放采取的相应措施,如改进传统农业,扩大现代农业,大力生产可再生长原料,促进可再生能源的利用。这些做法对我国发展现代农业,促进农业和林业领域节能减排具有积极的参考作用。     

农户对气候变化感知的有效性分析!——以江苏省水稻种植为例简

使用1980-2011年江苏省温度、降水量和风速的逐月资料以及2012年稻作区农户对气候变化感知的调研数据,检验了农户对气候变化感知的有效性,并使用排序数据模型分析了影响农户准确感知气候变化的因素。研究结果显示：1980年以来年江苏省不同地区的温度、降水量和风速的变化趋势均存在区域差异;农户对气候变化感知的平均有效性为78．22％,其中对温度上升趋势的感知准确度最高;感知有效性得分为1．42,说明农民基本上能够准确认知1～2个气象因子的变化趋势,但准确感知水平还有较大的提升空间;排序Probit模型的回归结果显示,是否参加村镇技术培训、农户文化程度、水稻种植规模和家庭非农收入对农民感知气候变化的有效性有显著的促进作用。