Motivations to engage in last chance tourism in the Churchill Wildlife Management Area and Wapusk National Park: the role of place identity and nature relatedness

The threat that climate change impacts pose to rare and vulnerable destinations has given rise to a phenomenon known as last chance tourism. This travel behaviour involves tourists increasingly travelling to destinations they perceive to be critically threatened, while contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change impacts in these very places. For last chance destinations to be managed effectively in the face of climate change, a clearer understanding of what drives this travel behaviour is needed. Drawing on the importance of place and nature to identity construction, this research uses a structural equation modelling approach to examine last chance tourism motivations in Churchill, Canada. Results provide evidence of a motivation to engage in a last chance experience. They also indicate that this motivation is related to a desire to share a connection to nature with similar individuals, and to become part of the local story. Beyond this, results show that visitors' sense of place identity and nature relatedness contribute significantly to their motivation to engage in last chance tourism. Findings from this research are important to the management of last chance destinations, including protected areas that are legislated to preserve significant natural and cultural features.     

Virtue Theory as a Dynamic Theory of Business

This paper develops a meta-theory of business based on virtue theory which links the concept of virtues, the common good, and the dynamic economy into a unifying and comprehensive theory of business. Traditional theories and models of business have outlived their usefulness as they are unable to adequately explain social reality. Virtue theory shows firms that pursue ethically-driven strategies can realise a greater profit potential than those firms who currently use profit-driven strategies. The theory expounds that the business of business is ethical business and that the crises that business and society face today are crises of leadership and ethics. The issues of leadership and corporate social responsibility are discussed in the context of the proposed theory.     

The Empirical Assessment of Corporate Ethics: A Case Study

Empirical analyses of the ethics of corporations with the aim to improve the state of corporate ethics are rare. This paper develops an integrated, normative model of corporate ethics by conceptualizing the ethical quality of organizations and by relating this contextual quality to various expressions of immoral behavior. This so-called Ethics Qualities Model for organizations, which contains 21 ethical qualities, allows one to assess the ethical content of institutional groups of individuals. A proper conceptualization is highly relevant both for the empirical corroboration of business ethics theories and for managerial purposes, such as judging individual and group performance or informing external stakeholders. The empirical applicability of the model is illustrated by an explorative case study of a large, globally operating financial institution. This case-study demonstrates that the corporate ethical qualities differ with respect to their perceived optimality as well as to their estimated impact on (un)ethical conduct. The various results provide managers with many clues to understand their organization and to take effective measures to improve the ethical content of their organization.     

Future Inequality in CO2 Emissions and the Impact of Abatement Proposals

This paper analyzes future carbon emissions inequality using a group decomposition of the Gini index. Business-as-usual projections to the year 2100 for 135 countries show inequality in per capita emissions declines slowly. Next, the impact on emissions levels and inequality of the Kyoto Protocol and other abatement proposals for Annex II countries in 2010 are measured, with a focus on the gap-narrowing and reranking effects. Substantial reranking of per capita emissions between Annex II and non-Annex II countries will not occur unless the former reduce their emissions by at least 50% (versus 1990 levels) and the latter continue growing unabated.     

支持型领导与授权氛围对旅游企业员工服务质量的影响

文章基于对我国52个旅游企业进行的实证研究,同时检验企业层次变量（企业的支持型领导氛围、授权氛围、员工服务行为评估氛围）和部门层次变量（部门的支持型领导氛围、心理受权氛围）对员工服务质量的影响。多层次线性模型分析结果表明,企业和部门的支持型领导氛围、部门的心理受权氛围和员工的心理受权对员工的服务质量都有显著的正向影响。此外,企业的支持型领导氛围会调节部门的支持型领导氛围、心理受权氛围和员工的工作满意感对员工服务质量的影响,部门的支持型领导氛围会调节员工的角色模糊、心理受权和工作满意感对服务质量的影响,部门的心理受权氛围会调节员工的角色负担过重对服务质量的影响。     

Promoting service-oriented organizational citizenship behaviors in hotels: The role of high-performance human resource practices and organizational social climates

Integrating social exchange and information processing theories, this study examines the influence of high-performance human resource (HR) practices on service-oriented organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) through two climates—justice climate and service climate. This field study of 1133 customer contact employees and 119 human resource managers from 119 hotels in Taiwan has shown that social climates of justice and service mediate the influence of high-performance HR practices on service-oriented OCB. The study demonstrates that high-performance HR practices affect employees’ cognition on how they are treated by hotels and what service behaviors are expected, which in turn can positively influence collective service-oriented OCB.     

气候变化对旅游影响的研究进展

气候变化与旅游相互影响作为一个新兴研究领域引起了越来越多研究者的关注。文章从气候变化对旅游影响的研究历程、研究方法和研究热点、旅游对气候变化的影响等方面对气候变化与旅游相互影响的研究进行了综述与展望。     

Economywide effects of climate‐smart agriculture in Ethiopia

Climate‐smart agriculture (CSA) is an approach for transforming and reorienting agricultural systems to support food security under climate change. Few studies, however, quantify at the national scale CSA's economic effects or compare CSA to input‐intensive technologies, like fertilizer or irrigation. Such quantification may help with priority setting among competing agricultural investment options. Our study uses an integrated biophysical and economic modeling approach to quantify and contrast the economywide effects of CSA (integrated soil fertility management in our study) and input‐intensive technologies in Ethiopia's cereal systems. We simulate impacts for 20‐year sequences of variable weather, with and without climate change. Results indicate that adopting CSA on 25% of Ethiopia's maize and wheat land increases annual gross domestic product (GDP) by an average 0.18% (US$49.8 million) and reduces the national poverty rate by 0.15 percentage points (112,100 people). CSA is more effective than doubling fertilizer use on the same area, which increases GDP by US$33.0 million and assists 75,300 people out of poverty. CSA and fertilizer have some substitutability, but CSA and irrigation appear complementary. Although not a panacea for food security concerns, greater adoption of CSA in Ethiopia could deliver economic gains but would need substantial tailoring to farmer‐specific contexts.     

基于ICESat/GLAS数据的可可西里地区湖泊水位变化研究

[目的]湖泊水位数据是湖泊水量平衡的重要指标,也是湖泊溃决模拟研究的重要参数,通过研究,获得可可西里地区主要湖泊水位数据及其变化过程,对认识藏北地区水资源变化及突发湖泊溃决洪水具有重要意义。[方法]以文献资料、湖泊矢量数据、2003—2009年ICESat/GLAS卫星测高数据为基础获得1993—2009年可可西里地区主要湖泊水位数据,并结合气象等数据对湖泊水位变化原因进行了分析。[结果](1) 1993—2009年可可西里地区湖泊水位整体上呈上升趋势,水位下降的湖泊数量较少,但呈现出一定的区域差异,其中错尼湖泊水位上升了24. 68m,银波湖下降了6. 16m;有7个湖泊水位波动幅度在10～15m之间,应该引起人们重点关注。(2)可可西里地区湖泊水位动态变化主要与气候变化有关,其中降水增加(或减少)和湖面蒸发减少(或增加)是导致湖泊水位上升(或下降)的决定性因素,而气候变暖引起的冰川融水增加、冻土水分释放以及区内地下水补给形式可能是次要原因。[结论]利用卫星遥测技术对大范围无人区湖泊水位信息提取优势明显,数据时间序列较短是其瓶颈。可可西里地区湖泊数量众多,湖泊水资源调查和水安全评估应予以重视。     

Farmers’ constraints,governmental support and climate change adaptation: Evidence from Guangdong Province,China

While climate change is widely acknowledged, the role of government support in adaptation is less understood. We narrow this knowledge gap by modelling adaptation as a three‐stage process where a farmer sequentially decides: (i) whether there is a need for adaptation; (ii) whether there are constraints that prevent adaptation; and (iii) whether such constraints are removed through government support. We develop a triple‐hurdle model to describe this decision‐making process and empirically estimate the impact of government support using a rural household survey from Guangdong Province, China. It is found that government support is positively associated with raising the odds of adaptation by about one quarter. This magnitude is larger than the estimates in recent literature, suggesting government support is more effective for farmers bound by constraints. Therefore, for cost‐effective policy outcomes there is a need to identify the constraints and the farmers facing them.