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81.
Urša Golob 《Journal of Promotion Management》2015,21(6):798-816
The purpose of this article is to assess the perceptions of advertising media substitutability among consumers, media planners, and media providers. Data were collected from three different samples using structured questionnaires and CATI interviewing. The results suggest that some degree of substitution does indeed exist in all three groups. This means that if first media choices are unavailable all groups are likely to consider others as possibly providing the best buying information. This study adds to the scarce literature that focuses on perceptions of media substitutability and provides results for both demand and supply side of the media market. It also suggests that such perceptual studies may be helpful in a re-examination of current policy and advertising management decisions. 相似文献
82.
Businesses that maintain ethical standards have an advantage in the marketplace based on the increasing interest of consumers in products that have a social and ethical component. Fair trade organisations that adopt environmental, social and ethical principles in trading are in a good position to make the most of this growing interest in the market. However, it is unclear whether fair trade organisations are taking full advantage of emerging market opportunities for ethically traded products. This research explores this issue by describing the business strategies of three fair trade organisations that import and sell craft goods into Western countries and evaluates them in the context of this growing market. The research findings indicate that in order to remain in business, fair trade craft organisations have had to adopt better business practices in recent years, improving quality, customer service and product offerings to customers. However, growth appears to be limited, as distribution remains focused on a small, niche market. This paper explores the distribution strategies of two fair trade commodity organisations that are successfully reaching a wider customer base, demonstrating that fair trade products have a unique selling advantage in the mainstream marketplace. In conclusion, fair trade craft organisations are not exploiting this market opportunity to the degree they should and will need to explore wider distribution and alternative business strategies to expand their market share.Debora Randall completed her Masters of Management at Massey University, in Auckland, New Zealand. She is currently using her interests in business and community development to work towards practical economic solutions to poverty. She is living in Vancouver, Canada where she is working on a number of community economic development initiatives. 相似文献
83.
How do senior business executives rank their preferences for various ethical principles? And how strongly do the executives believe in these principles? Also, how do these preference rankings relate to the way the executives see the future (wherein business decisions play out)? Research on these questions may provide us with an appreciation of the complexities of ethical behavior in management beyond the traditional issues concerning ethical decision-making in business. Based on a survey of 585 vice presidents of U.S. businesses it was found that: (1) there is a distinct set of principles of ethical conduct that is considered favorable as opposed to another set considered unfavorable among a comprehensive list of 14 ethical principles; (2) the executives believed overwhelmingly that their own individual ethical preferences are better than those of other executives; (3) the strength of their preferences for ethical principles is associated with whether the executives are relatively near-future oriented or more distant-future oriented; and (4), there are very few significant differences in terms of gender, age, education level, private/public education, prestigious/other schools, business/non-business academic backgrounds, and length of job experience. Implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
84.
Greig A. Mill 《Journal of Business Ethics》2006,63(2):131-148
This paper empirically examines the financial performance of a UK unit trust that was initially “conventional” and later adopted
socially responsible investment (SRI) principles (ethical investment principles). Comparison is made with three similar conventional
funds whose investment objectives remained unchanged. Analysis techniques employed in previous studies find similar results:
mean risk-adjusted performance is unchanged by the switch to SRI, with no evidence of over-or under-performance relative to
the benchmark market index by any of the four funds. More interestingly, changes in variability of returns over time are also
modelled using generalised autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity models, not previously applied to SRI funds so far
as is known. Results show a temporary increase in variability of returns, followed by a return to previous levels after around
4 years. Evidence shows the increased variability to be associated with the adoption of SRI rather than with a change in fund
management. Possible explanations for the subsequent reduction in variability include the spread of corporate social responsibility
activities by firms and learning by fund managers. In addition to reporting on a previously unobserved phenomenon, this paper
raises questions for further research. 相似文献
85.
Although scholars have invoked the escalation framework as a means of explaining the occurrence of numerous organizationally
undesirable behaviors on the part of decision makers, to date no empirical research on the potential influences of escalating
commitment on the likelihood of unethical behavior at the individual level of analysis has been reported in either the escalation
or the ethical decision-making literatures. Thus, the main purpose of this project is to provide a theoretical foundation
and empirical support for the contention that escalating commitment situations can induce unethical behavior in decision makers.
An experimental research design utilizing a computerized investment task was administered to 155 undergraduate business majors
as a means of assessing the hypotheses presented here. Results from a hierarchical logistic regression analysis found strong
support for the contention that exposure to an escalation situation increases the likelihood of unethical behavior on the
part of decision makers. Further, results also supported previous ethical decision-making findings by confirming the effects
of locus of control (LOC) on ethical behavior. Specifically, the data indicated that individuals with an external LOC orientation
were significantly more likely to select the unethical option than were individuals with an internal LOC orientation. Interestingly,
support was not found for the effects of Machiavellianism or gender on ethical decision-making. 相似文献
86.
Simon Hudson 《Journal of Business Ethics》2007,76(4):385-396
For many years, the actions of Myanmar’s military government have provoked domestic discontent and strong condemnation overseas.
The government is encouraging tourism in an attempt to legitimize its actions whilst generating valuable foreign currency.
However, a number of organizations are urging people to avoid travel to Myanmar and thus prevent the military junta from obtaining
the hard currency and global legitimacy it needs to survive. In this article, the ethical arguments for and against tourism
in Myanmar are discussed, and for the first time the ethical perceptions of tourists themselves are explored. The study applied
the Multidimensional Ethics Scale to a group of 376 Myanmar visitors, finding that respondents were generally in favor of
tourism in Myanmar, but were uncomfortable with the ethical implications of their visit.
Simon Hudson is an Associate Professor in the Haskayne School of Business at the University of Calgary. He has a marketing
degree from Brighton, England, an MBA from California, and a PhD from Surrey, England. Prior to working in academia, he spent
several years working in the tourism industry in Europe, and six years running his own business. Dr Hudson has published numerous
journal articles and book chapters from his work, and has three books to his name; Snow Business, Sport & Adventure Tourism
and Tourism & Hospitality Marketing. 相似文献
87.
Eva Traut-Mattausch Tobias Greitemeyer Dieter Frey Stefan Schulz-Hardt 《Journal of Consumer Policy》2007,30(4):421-434
The aim of the present report is to review research demonstrating the role played by expectations for observed illusory price
increases after the euro introduction in Germany. In laboratory experiments when participants are asked to estimate price
changes in a restaurant following the euro introduction, the price estimates are found to be biased in the direction of the
expectation of rising prices. The research also examines the extent to which a similar judgment bias is evident in other areas
and how interventions counteract the bias. A further focus of the research is on the underlying process. In this respect the
results show that the bias is based on a selective outcome correction process not previously described. Theoretical implications
and practical implications for consumer policy issues are highlighted.
相似文献
Stefan Schulz-HardtEmail: |
88.
Chiharu Ishida 《Journal of Business Ethics》2006,67(1):63-74
The construct of Cognitive Moral Development (CMD) has drawn much attention in the study of business ethics for over two decades. The Defining Issues Test (DIT) has made a significant contribution to the literature as an easy-to-administer CMD instrument, and the Moral Judgment Test (MJT), an alternative scale, has also been used widely especially in Europe. The two scales differ in their approaches to measuring CMD, focusing on stage preference (DIT) and stage consistency (MJT), yet empirical comparisons have been scarce. The present research empirically compares the two scales in terms of their correspondence with ethical ideology as a reference scale, and it demonstrates a clear distinction between the DIT and the MJT. Although they both aim to measure CMD, their dissimilar approaches lead to distinctly different implications. 相似文献
89.
Stakeholder Theory and Managerial Decision-Making: Constraints and Implications of Balancing Stakeholder Interests 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Stakeholder theory is widely recognized as a management theory, yet very little research has considered its implications for
individual managerial decision-making. In the two studies reported here, we used stakeholder theory to examine managerial
decisions about balancing stakeholder interests. Results of Study 1 suggest that indivisible resources and unequal levels
of stakeholder saliency constrain managers’ efforts to balance stakeholder interests. Resource divisibility also influenced
whether managers used a within-decision or an across-decision approach to balance stakeholder interests. In Study 2 we examined
instrumental and normative implications of these two approaches. We conclude by considering the contributions of this research. 相似文献
90.
Organizational governance has historically focused around the perspective of principals and managers and has traditionally
pursued the goal of maximizing owner wealth. This paper suggests that organizational governance can profitably be viewed from
the ethical perspective of organizational followers – employees of the organization to whom important ethical duties are also
owed. We present two perspectives of organizational governance: Principal Theory that suggests that organizational owners
and managers can often be ethically opportunistic and take advantage of employees who serve them and Principle Theory that
focuses on guiding principles that are sometimes taken too far in organizations. In introducing these two new organizational
governance perspectives, we offer insights into the value of rethinking ethical duties owed to organizational followers.
Cam Caldwell received his Ph.D. from Washington State University where he was a Thomas S. Foley Graduate Fellow. Dr. Caldwell
is Editor of the Academy of Management Ethics website and a member of the Academy’s Ethics Committee. His research is primarily
in the areas of ethical leadership, organizational governance, and developing organizational trust. Prior to obtaining his
Ph.D., Caldwell worked for 25 years as a city manager, human resource director, and management consultant.
Ranjan Karri is Assistant Professor of Management at Bryant College. He received his Ph.D. in strategic management from Washington
State University. His research interests include corporate and business strategies, ethical leadership and corporate governance.
Pamela Vollmar is an undergraduate student at the University of Houston – Victoria majoring in Business Management. She has
worked for 25 years as an electrical specialist for a major engineering firm. 相似文献