OPTIMAL EXPORT AND HEDGING DECISIONS WHEN FORWARD MARKETS ARE INCOMPLETE

This paper examines the behaviour of the competitive firm that exports to two foreign countries under multiple sources of exchange rate uncertainty. There is a forward market between the home currency and one foreign country's currency, but there are no hedging instruments directly related to the other foreign country's currency. We show that the separation theorem holds when the firm optimally exports to the foreign country with the currency forward market. The full‐hedging theorem holds either when the firm exports exclusively to the foreign country with the currency forward market or when the relevant spot exchange rates are independent. In the case that the relevant spot exchange rates are positively (negatively) correlated in the sense of regression dependence, the firm optimally opts for a short (long) forward position for cross‐hedging purposes.     

China’s exports in a protectionist world

Tariffs, currency wars, and protectionism pose risks for Chinese firms. In theory tariff increases and exchange rate appreciations exert equivalent effects on export volumes. This paper estimates tariff and exchange rate elasticities for China’s exports. The results indicate that, while exchange rates matter, tariffs increases deter exports almost three times as much as equivalent exchange rate appreciations do. The results also indicate that China’s flagship industries such as electronics and machinery are exposed to tariff increases and exchange rate appreciations. The paper then considers how China can promote freer trade to mitigate risks and reduce uncertainty.     

Is There an Image Crisis in the Spanish Vegetables?

Abstract

The Spanish horticultural sector has been adversely affected by recurring crises in the last years, showing a significant economic impact upon demand. These crises have different sources (internal and external) and origins (food safety, social, and environmental issues). However, research devoted to analyzing the nature and scope of these events and their influence on consumers’ perception is scarce. For this purpose, this research provides a conceptual framework that defines and classifies the main image crises that have affected the sector. Consequently, an exploratory study is conducted to analyze to what extent European consumers know the sector and to determine how consumer knowledge influences the Spanish product-country image. Data were analyzed using a Logit Model. Results suggest that crises have seriously affected the demand of Spanish vegetables and consumers’ perceived image. Factors affecting the sector’s image through consumer knowledge are different depending on consumers’ country-of-origin (national vs. foreign countries).     

中国服务进出口与汇率波动的相关性分析--基于1982-2011年的数据分析

以1982-2011年的相关指标的数据为基础，通过Stata12、Excel软件，把我国服务进出口量分别与中国、美国的国内生产总值和每年平均汇率进行多元回归，建立var模型，实证分析发现：中国历年服务出口额和历年平均汇率、中国及美国国内生产总值有显著的正相关。中国服务进口额和历年平均汇率有显著的负相关，服务进口额和中国及美国国内生产总值有显著的正相关，但是滞后一到三阶的平均汇率对我国服务进出口均没有显著影响。我国GDP对本国服务进出口的影响比美国GDP对此的影响更大。     

Exporting firms and retail internationalization: Evidence from France

This paper questions the impact of the globalization of the retail sector on the export activity of origin country agri‐food firms. We use an original firm‐level database of French agri‐food exports that identifies the domestic suppliers of French retailers through certification with the private International Featured Standard (IFS). The results show that IFS certified French firms are more likely to export and export larger volumes than noncertified firms to markets where French retailers have established outlets. We also show that when French retailers stop their activities in a market, certified firms reduce their exports to this market in the following years. The results are robust to the use of different sets of firm‐year‐ and country‐year‐specific controls and fixed effects, and are not affected by possible selection and endogeneity biases. The difference in the behavior of certified and noncertified exporting firms on markets where French retailers operate confirms the network effect that benefits retailers’ suppliers, which is lost when French retailers exit from the destination country.     

Household Savings,the Stock Market,and Economic Growth in China

Africa's export performance has been extremely poor in recent years. Its share of world exports has declined and most countries are highly dependent on a narrow range of primary commodities for export earnings. This paper looks at factors that affect the export performance of manufacturing enterprises in eight African countries. In addition to enterprise characteristics (e.g., size, ownership, and education of the manager), policy-related variables also affect exporting. Manufacturing enterprises are less likely to export in countries with restrictive trade and customs regulations and poor customs administration.     

Reputation and export performance: Danish butter exports and the British market,c.1880–c.1914

This article extends current scholarship on the role of branding and trade marking in establishing competitive advantage. Using a case study of Danish butter exports to the British market, 1880–1914, we demonstrate that many of the technological and organisational innovations in this industry were not in themselves sufficient to guarantee that Danish butter would command price premiums in the British market. We argue that the introduction of the ‘Lurbrand’, together with the rigorous prosecution of vendors misrepresenting other butters as Danish, were vital to maintaining the reputation of Danish butter at a time when rival countries were producing butter of comparable quality. Of particular importance to current debates on branding and trade marking is our finding that independent butter producers collaborated with the Danish government to use the same trade mark and to ensure that state inspection guaranteed that Danish butter was produced consistently to the highest quality.     

粤东出口开拓新兴市场和发展中国家市场的策略

受国际金融危机的影响,粤东传统的出口市场需求萎缩。要保持对外贸易的稳定增长,在巩固粤东传统出口市场的同时,应大力开拓新兴市场和发展中国家市场。文章通过对当前外贸形势和金融危机影响下粤东出口状况的分析,提出开拓新兴市场和发展中国家市场的策略。     

外商直接投资对中国商品进出口影响的实证分析

本文采用贸易引力模型,结合混合回归分析与横截面分析两种方法,对1992年至2004年外商对华直接投资对中国商品进出口、出口、进口的影响进行了实证分析。混合回归结果表明,外商对华直接投资对中国商品进出口、出口、进口的增长均存在长期且显著的促进作用,而且这种促进作用存在时滞。横截面分析结果表明,每年外商对华直接投资对于中国商品进出口、出口、进口的促进作用随着时间的推移是波动的,但从总趋势来看,这种促进作用在不断增强。