Export Competitiveness of Botswana’s Beef Industry

We investigate Botswana’s beef export competitiveness for the period 1961–2011 using the Normalized Revealed Comparative Advantage (NRCA) index. Results indicate that Botswana has had a comparative advantage throughout the review period. Overall, the country ranked fifth out of nine leading beef exporters. However, its comparative advantage weakened after 1975, and the country has recently been bypassed by three other key beef exporters which initially had comparative disadvantages. This was largely driven by increasing domestic demand for beef (and stagnant domestic supply). Policymakers should consider removal of the state-trader export monopoly to promote private sector entry and vertical diversification into value-added exports.     

技术性贸易壁垒对我国机电产品出口量影响的作用原理及应对措施

机电产品技术应用占比较高、我国技术相较发达国家存在差距、国际贸易保护主义抬头这三个因素共同决定了我国机电产品出口频频遭遇发达国家的技术性贸易壁垒。这些技术性贸易壁垒对我国机电产品的出口量造成严重影响。在应对过程中,通常采用的被动内销、出口退税和补贴存在诸多弊端,与之相比,双边对话和利用争端解决机制、降低信息不对称水平、开拓新市场、提高生产效率和发展国内技术市场则是的更好应对方案。     

Non‐linear effect of exchange rate volatility on exports: the role of financial sector development in emerging East Asian economies

This paper empirically examines the role of financial sector development in influencing the impact of exchange rate volatility on the exports of five emerging East Asian countries – China, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand – using a GMM‐IV estimation method. The results indicate that the effect of exchange rate volatility on exports is conditional on the level of financial sector development. The less financially developed an economy, the more its exports are adversely affected by exchange rate volatility. In addition, a stable exchange rate seems to be a necessary condition to achieve export promotion via a currency depreciation in these economies.     

Export,Exchange Rate Risk and Hedging: The Duopoly Case

Abstract. This paper studies a Cournot duopoly in international trade with firms exposed to exchange rate risk. A hedging opportunity is introduced by a forward market on which one firm can trade the foreign currency. We investigate two settings: First, we assume that hedging and output decisions are taken simultaneously. It is shown that hedging is exclusively done for risk‐managing reasons as it is not possible to use hedging strategically. Second, the hedging decision is made before the output decisions. We show that hedging is not only used to manage the risk exposure but also as a strategic device.     

政治风险、经济一体化与空间效应对中国出口贸易的影响

文章实证检验了经济一体化程度、政治风险与空间效应等变量对中国出口的影响。研究结果表明,经济一体化程度越高越有利于中国的出口;中国独特的政治经济环境,对于政治风险忍受度较高,反而有助于其出口。此外,贸易伙伴国的人均收入与经济开放程度越高,对中国出口越有利。考虑空间固定效果,中国出口具有聚集现象。由于中国近年来出口贸易快速增长,贸易摩擦随之居高不下,因此中国出口的全球化布局,将有助于分散贸易风险,也有助于中国融入世界经济体系。     

绿色贸易壁垒对我国服装出口的影响

世界贸易自由化的发展进程中,随着传统贸易壁垒的逐渐弱化,绿色贸易壁垒正在迅速成为一种新的非关税壁垒。服装产业是我国一大产业。纺织服装一直是我国非常重要而且多变的市场。我国的服装出口量每年位居世界第一,这是符合我国的国情,满足国际市场对中低挡服装的需求和适应国际市场的需求。但由于绿色服装的意识和能力比较脆弱,致使出口屡屡受阻于发达国家的绿色贸易壁垒。本文分析了我国服装出口的现状,我国服装出口遭遇绿色壁垒的原因,以及绿色壁垒对我国服装出口影响,最后对我国服装出口应对绿色壁垒提出相应的对策。     

Paving the Road to Export: Assessing the Trade Impact of Road Quality

Assessing the trade impacts of domestic transport costs is data demanding and analyses that examine the effects of road quality, a critical aspect in regional and public policy, practically do not exist in the international trade literature. The few studies available rely mostly on distance-based measures as proxies of transport costs which impede analyzing the trade effects of transport-infrastructure improvements. In this paper, we combine highly disaggregated records of export flows with detailed geo-referenced information of the Colombian transport network, including its road quality, as well as real measures of transport costs of shipping goods within the country to measure the trade impacts of improving road quality. We find that the trade effects of improvements in road quality are relatively small on average; however, there is considerable heterogeneity in the magnitude of the effects. We show that longer routes have larger shares of their roads in poor conditions; accordingly, the trade impacts of shipments originated in remote regions are found to be quite substantial.     

Development of Sunflower Oil Exports in Russia and the EEU: Main Trends,Prospects, and Evaluations by the Gravity Model

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this paper is to assess the major trends, factors, and prospects of development of Russian and EEU sunflower oil exports. The sanctions resulted in an increase of sunflower oil exports in 2014 to a peak value, which allowed the producers to accumulate revenues in hard currency. The gravity models findings for Russia and for the EEU show that the sanctions stimulated the growth of sunflower oil exports. As distinct from a common language, a common border also encourages the development of Eurasian exports to third countries. The tariff size in the importer country is strongly and negatively connected with exports both from Russia and from the EEU. The effect of regional integration within the EEU is insignificant for the development of sunflower oil exports, while regional integration processes in the CIS have a positive impact on exports.     

International Channels of Distribution and the Role of Comparative Marketing Analysis

To enter international markets successfully, firms need to secure adequate distribution channels for their products in the targeted markets. But gaining access to, as well as developing and maintaining marketing channels in foreign markets requires substantial knowledge of the distribution structures and patterns in thos markets. This follows because the so-called standardized (globalized) approach to international marketing strategy does not apply to distribution strategy in foreign markets. Comparative marketing analysis can provide international marketers with the means for obtaining the knowledge needed by providing (1) a substantial literature on distribution in different countries, (2) a variety of methodologies that can provide insights into foreign distribution structures, and (3) by sensitizing international marketers to changing patterns of distribution around the world.     

Aid,Aid for Trade,and bilateral trade: An empirical study

In a gravity model for 184 countries between 1990 and 2005, we show that bilateral aid is not only positively correlated with donor exports, as suggested in earlier studies, but also positively associated with recipient exports to donors. Our interpretation is that an intensified aid relation reduces the effective cost of distance. We find a particularly strong effect of aid in the form of technical assistance. The effect of trade-related assistance (Aid for Trade) is small and fully accounted for by aid to investments in trade-related infrastructure. The aid-trade link is particularly strong for donor exports to Sub-Saharan African countries and for recipient exports of strategic materials.