实现党内和谐的必备条件分析——学习毛泽东和谐思想的体会

建设社会主义和谐社会,首先需要实现党内和谐,以党内和谐的示范带动全社会的和谐。要实现党内和谐,需要具备相应的主客观条件。首先,党内在思想上必须统一;其次,党的各级组织必须具有凝聚力;第三,党内必须充分发扬民主;第四,党内必须严厉惩治腐败行为。     

房地产市场调整对产业结构优化的作用及建议

房地产业链条长、影响广,对多个产业部门的投资、布局、升级都有深远的影响,房地产市场调整有利于这些产业部门要素成本结构和资本结构的合理化、过剩产能的消化和控制以及产业的转型升级,从而推动产业结构优化。采用世界投入产出数据库的分析表明,我国房地产业对金融业、租赁业等服务业部门和电气设备、金属加工、化工等制造业部门的关联效应最大。为了更好地发挥房地产市场调整促进产业结构优化的积极作用,要保障制造业用地,控制土地要素成本上涨,发挥技术进步在房地产业和房地产市场发展中的重要作用,执行更高建筑标准,淘汰落后产品和工艺,促进房地产业与新兴产业的融合发展。     

An analysis of housing expenditure using semiparametric cross-section models

In this paper we model expenditure on housing for owners and renters by means of endogenous switching regression models using cross-section data. We explain the share of housing in total expenditure from family characteristics and total expenditure, where the latter is allowed to be endogenous. We apply various existing parametric and semiparametric techniques for cross-section data. Exogeneity of total expenditure is rejected for the parametric models but not for most semiparametric models. The results are compared on the basis of budget elasticities and graphs of the estimated relationship between the budget share spent on housing and the logarithm of total expenditure. First version received: November 1997 / Final version received: January 2000     

The Inefficiencies of Regionalised Milk Quota Trade

This paper estimates the inefficiencies associated with the regionalisation of the milk quota trade. An optimisation model is developed to estimate the economic value of quota. Quota values are aggregated to derive quota sale and purchase curves under two scenarios: first, where quotas can be traded nationally and second, where the trade of quota is regionally restricted. Quota trade is simulated and the consequent effects on supplier structure estimated. Through the derivation of sectoral cumulative cost curves it is possible to estimate the impact of regionalising quota trade on sector efficiency. The model is solved using National Farm Survey data from Ireland and the inefficiencies of regionalised quota trade in Ireland are estimated at €27 million. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of restricted quota trade, especially in the context of eventual quota removal.     

人民币即期汇率市场与境外衍生市场之间的信息流动关系研究

本文基于格兰杰因果检验方法和MGARCH-BEKK模型,检验人民币即期外汇市场与境外期货市场、境外NDF市场之间的信息流动关系。结果表明:境外期货市场对即期市场不具有任何溢出效应,期货市场的建立并未对即期市场的稳定性产生影响;境外NDF市场对即期市场存在着显著的报酬溢出效应;即期市场对各境外衍生市场仅具有滞后的报酬溢出效应,在价格变动上被境外NDF市场所引导;但在波动溢出效应方面,市场信息则由即期市场向各境外衍生市场单向传递。在三个市场中,境外NDF市场的价格引导力量强于即期市场和期货市场,处于市场价格信息的中心地位。     

Onshore and offshore market for Indian rupee: recent evidence on volatility and shock spillover

The article empirically examines the onshor-offshore linkages of the Indian rupee using recently developed multivariate GARCH technique. The empirical results show that the offshore non-deliverable forward market does not have mean spillover impact on onshore spot, forward and futures markets while shocks and volatilities in the non-deliverable forward market influence the onshore markets. A key finding of the study is that the magnitude of volatility spillover from non-deliverable forward to spot market has accentuated after the introduction of currency futures in India. This development could be attributable to large arbitrage between futures and non-deliverable forward market in the more recent period. The finding has critical implications for exchange rate policy and management in the Indian context. There is need for close monitoring of both the onshore and offshore markets.     

水利基建投资的完全经济效益分析

以1999年中国水利投入占用产出表为基础,对水利基建投资的完全经济效益——直接经济效益和间接经济效益进行了研究,并在编制1981、1987、1990、1992和1997年中国水利投入产出表的基础上,考察了水利基建投资完全经济效益的变动趋势。结果表明,水利基建投资的后向完全经济效益虽然不高,但通过直接和间接影响,给其他经济部门带来了经济效益的大幅增加。从时间序列上看,单位水利基建投资的完全经济效益呈现不断减少的趋势。     

DYNAMIC DEFAULTABLE TERM STRUCTURE MODELING BEYOND THE INTENSITY PARADIGM

The two main approaches in credit risk are the structural approach pioneered by Merton and the reduced‐form framework proposed by Jarrow and Turnbull and by Artzner and Delbaen. The goal of this paper is to provide a unified view on both approaches. This is achieved by studying reduced‐form approaches under weak assumptions. In particular, we do not assume the global existence of a default intensity and allow default at fixed or predictable times, such as coupon payment dates, with positive probability. In this generalized framework, we study dynamic term structures prone to default risk following the forward‐rate approach proposed by Heath, Jarrow, and Morton. It turns out that previously considered models lead to arbitrage possibilities when default can happen at a predictable time. A suitable generalization of the forward‐rate approach contains an additional stochastic integral with atoms at predictable times and necessary and sufficient conditions for an appropriate no‐arbitrage condition are given. For efficient implementations, we develop a new class of affine models that do not satisfy the standard assumption of stochastic continuity. The chosen approach is intimately related to the theory of enlargement of filtrations, for which we provide an example by means of filtering theory where the Azéma supermartingale contains upward and downward jumps, both at predictable and totally inaccessible stopping times.     

特色小镇的功能聚合与战略选择——基于浙江的考察

作为“产城人文”融合共生的新型空间组织，功能聚合对特色小镇的内涵式发展至关重要。本文首先对特色小镇的功能聚合进行了属性分析，指出产业、文化、旅游、社区这四大功能之间的“目标一致性”和“内在关联性”直接影响了特色小镇的功能聚合度。面对特色小镇“功能不聚”“聚而不合”的现实困境，本文在成因分析基础上，结合浙江省的实践经验，构建了以“正向聚合+有机聚合”为核心的内在机理，并从“主业聚焦、空间优化、价值提升、人才引领”四个方面思考了提升特色小镇功能“聚合力”的战略路径。     

A Behavior‐Based Approach to the Estimation of Poverty in India

Estimates of poverty in India are crucial inputs for the understanding of world poverty, yet there is much disagreement about the numbers and the legitimacy of methods used to derive them. In this paper, we propose and justify an alternative approach to identify the poor, which uses the proportion of income spent on food. Our estimates have weaker data requirements than official methods, and they compare favorably with several validation tests. Most notably, households around our state poverty lines obtain their calories from similar sources, whereas this is not true of official poverty lines. We also find that rates of self‐reported hunger are higher in states that we classify as poor.